Cell mass, volume and growth rate are important biophysical parameters for cell growth and homeostasis maintenance. Since 1952, humans have begun to study the measurement of living cell quality, but until the 21st century, with the development of computer science and precision manufacturing industry, it is possible to accurately determine cell quality, and a variety of live cell mass determinations have emerged. Instrument.
Cell mass, volume and growth rate affect cell size, and regulation of cell size is prevalent in cell growth and development, but the specific regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Quantification of cell size facilitates understanding of cell size and cell growth regulation in the cell cycle.
Cell size is generally judged by cell volume and cell mass, but the cell body is actively affected by osmotic pressure and intracellular water content, which can cause changes in cell shape and volume. For some adherent cells, It is very difficult to perform accurate cell size determination. Therefore, changes in cell size by reaction of cell volume change do not have extensive operability. In contrast, cell mass as a direct reflection of intracellular biosynthesis and biodegradation processes is the most accurate indicator of cell size. For example, apoptosis or death, the effects of drug treatment on intracellular anabolism and degradation pathways.
The methods for measuring live cell quality mainly include: microelectromechanical system resonator (MEMSR), quantitative phase tomography (QPT), digital holographic microscope (DHM), and quantitative phase microscope (QPM).
Microelectromechanical system resonator
Measuring the resonance frequency as a function of cell mass enables high-precision measurement of cell mass and cell growth rate. However, environmental factors can greatly affect the resonance frequency measurement, resulting in lower resolution; poor measurement stability; only cells that grow in suspension can be measured, and cells that grow in adherence cannot be measured. In summary, the microelectromechanical system resonator is suitable for high sensitivity and high precision mass and volume determination of a small number of suspended single cells.
Quantitative phase tomography scanner
The quantitative phase tomography scanner measures the cell mass by performing a three-dimensional scan of the cells to obtain a phase shift in three-dimensional space as the light passes through the cells. It is especially useful for measuring parameters within a specific thickness range of cells and for measuring the quality of individual cells in overlapping cell clusters. But because quantitative phase scanners are based on complex data acquisition, data processing, and complex optical paths, applications are limited.
Digital holographic microscope
All phase and intensity information is recorded by image, and then the difference in phase and intensity between the sample and the control group is compared, and the cell quality information of the sample cells is extracted. Digital holographic microscopy is capable of accurately determining the dry mass distribution within a cell and is therefore widely used for label-free tracking of the movement of organelles within a single cell. However, due to the complex optical path of the digital holographic microscope, the complicated data processing process, and the need to use a laser, all of this leads to its inability to be widely used.
Quantitative phase microscope
The Living Cell Quantitative Phase Imaging System is an innovative imaging tool that combines optical microscopy and is dedicated to biological research. The wavefront sensor is based on an innovative four-wave transverse shearing interferometry to measure the phase transition of biological samples in real time, allowing real-time observation of live cells without labeling and statistical and quantitative analysis, including migration, growth, live cell mass determination, etc. . The living cell quantitative phase imaging system is currently the only high-resolution quantitative phase image system in the world, and the instrument has no special optical path requirements, and has been widely used in the field of living cell quality measurement.
In summary, the quality of living cells as an indicator of cell size has great biological significance. Quantitative phase imaging system has become an indispensable instrument for measuring live cell quality with its wide compatibility, innovation and applicability. The result has been widely accepted by customers as the gold standard for measuring live cell quality.
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