Cut open
The size of the incision in the surgical site was determined according to the experimental requirements. When cutting, tighten the skin first, and place the blade perpendicular to the skin. Use force to get it right. Cut the whole skin layer once, and cut the seams neatly without deflection. When cutting the skin and subcutaneous tissue, it is required to cut according to the anatomical level, avoid the blood vessels as much as possible and pay attention to stop bleeding to avoid damage to important tissues and organs in the deep layer.
2. Stop bleeding
Hemostasis is an important part of the operation. The perfection of hemostasis during the operation not only directly affects the exposure and surgical operation of the surgical site, but also relates to the safety of the postoperative animal, the healing of the incision and whether complications occur. Intraoperative hemostasis must be rapid, accurate and reliable. Common methods of stopping bleeding are:
(1) Preventive hemostasis The use of prophylactic hemostatic agents within 1 to 2 hours before surgery can improve blood coagulation in animals. Commonly used preventive hemostatic agents are 10% calcium chloride solution and 10% sodium chloride solution.
In the case of local anesthesia, adrenaline was used in combination (i.e., 0.1 ml of 0.1% epinephrine was added to 100 Oml of procaine solution).
(2) Intraoperative hemostasis
1) Compression and hemostasis Generally, use a sterile gauze or wrung warm lubricated gauze for a while. Do not wipe with gauze.
2) Clamping hemostasis Use a hemostatic forceps to clamp the end of the blood vessel perpendicularly to the direction of blood flow. After a while, remove the hemostat.
3) Ligation and hemostasis are often used to stop bleeding in large blood vessels. After the bleeding point is sucked by gauze, the hemostatic forceps are used to clamp the end of the blood vessel one by one, and then the wire is ligated to stop bleeding. When ligating, first raise the hemostatic forceps, bypass the wire under the clamp point, and then flatten the hemostat after the hemostasis. When the first knot is hit, gently loosen the hemostatic forceps while tightening. The second section.
4) Burning and stopping the blood The burning iron is used to burn the broken ends of the blood vessels to make the blood and tissues coagulate.
5) Drug hemostasis When the internal organs bleed, use the gauze gauze to absorb the congestion, and then spread the hemostatic powder, Yunnanbain or thrombin on the wound surface, and compress 5~1Os.
3. Tissue separation method
The separation of the tissue is a sharp separation method and a passive separation method. The sharp separation is directly cut by sharp instruments such as knives and scissors, and is mainly used for separation of skin, mucous membrane, fine anatomy and tight adhesion of tissues; blunt separation is mainly separated by using a handle, a hemostatic forceps, a glass or a finger. Loose connective tissue in the muscles and fascial space.
(1) The connective tissue separation method uses blunt separation in principle. Use a hemostat to insert tissue to open. Among them, the thin film can use knife and scissors when it is confirmed that there is no blood vessel distribution; the thick fascia should be slowly layered with hemostatic forceps, and separated from the shallow to deep layer by layer, avoiding the blood vessels.
(2) The separation of muscle tissue should be bluntly separated in the direction of the muscle fibers between the whole muscle and other tissues, at the boundary between the muscle mass and the other muscle mass. If there is a blood vessel distribution in the muscle tissue, the hemostat should be used as a double clamp before the blood vessel can be cut after ligation.
(3) The separation of vascular nerve tissue should be separated by the use of a glass divider along the direction of travel of blood vessels and nerves. When separating the tissue, it is generally required to perform a vertical incision on the same plane to ensure that the edge of the incision is neat; when cutting the multi-layered tissue, it should be layered according to the layer of tissue; when cutting the muscle, it should be cut along the direction of the muscle fiber. open. The incision of various tissues must ensure the smooth discharge of wound wound secretions.
4. Stitching method
Stitching should follow the principle of sterility. Before the surgical opening is sutured, the hemostasis of the surgical department should be thoroughly checked, and the foreign body in the cavity, self-blood clot, tissue, etc. should be removed; the entrance and exit of the needle should be symmetrical, generally about 0.5~1cm from the wound; the suture should be tight and the knot should be the best. Focus on the same side of the wound edge. If necessary, consider leaving a drain hole.
There are three types of sutures for surgical openings: simple suture, inversion suture, and eversion suture. These three types can be further divided into indirect stitching and continuous stitching according to the different needs of the combined tissues. The most common way to indirectly suture is the nodule combination. Nodular sutures are mainly used for suturing tissues with large tension such as skin, muscles, and fascia.
After suturing for 7 to 14 days, the suture should be treated according to the healing condition. Note that sterilized alcohol and alcohol should be disinfected on the suture and pinhole before the thread is removed.
References: Xu Guojing et al. "Laboratory Animal Management and Practical Technology Manual"
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