Rice-duck eco-agriculture is a sustainable farming method that allows for the dual harvest of rice and ducks, offering an excellent model for raising healthy poultry. However, to ensure the well-being of the ducks, several key considerations must be taken into account.
First, site selection and layout are crucial. The duck farm should be located in an area with clean water and away from major roads and residential zones to minimize pollution and disturbance. The farm should be divided into production, management, and living areas, with clear separation between them. No hatchery should be located within the duck farm to prevent disease spread and maintain hygiene standards.
China has many high-quality duck breeds, such as Beijing Ducks, Cherry Valley Ducks, and Di Gao Ducks. Farmers should choose the appropriate breed based on their farming system. For example, paddy field ducks should be smaller or medium-sized breeds that are more adaptable to the environment and efficient in pest control.
Feed is the foundation of duck growth, and its quality directly impacts the health of the birds and the quality of the final products. Therefore, feed must be safe, nutritious, and free from pesticides and hormones. It should come from reliable sources, avoid mold contamination, and use additives that meet national safety standards.
Disease prevention is the most effective way to ensure the health of the flock. Prevention should be the primary focus throughout all stages of duck farming, from farm design to feeding and management. Measures should include eliminating infection sources, interrupting transmission routes, and boosting duck immunity. Ducks should not be introduced from infected areas, and an all-in-all-out system should be adopted. People and vehicles entering the farm must be disinfected, and strict protocols should be followed for disinfecting eggs, ducklings, drinking water, and feed.
Monitoring antibody levels in breeding ducks is essential to determine whether vaccination is necessary. Non-breeding ducks can follow standard vaccination schedules recommended by veterinary authorities. Proper use of veterinary drugs is also important—farmers should prioritize improving feeding practices to enhance duck immunity, thus reducing the need for medication. When using drugs, they should be purchased through legal channels and used strictly according to guidelines. Natural alternatives like Chinese herbal medicine, defensins, and yolk antibodies can be considered to reduce residue and environmental impact.
The drug-free period—the time between stopping medication and allowing animals or products to be sold—must be strictly observed. A scientific dosing schedule should be maintained, and medications should be used correctly to avoid adverse interactions. Detailed records of drug usage should be kept to ensure transparency and compliance.
Disinfectants should be selected carefully based on their purpose, ensuring they are effective, cost-efficient, easy to use, and safe for both humans and ducks. They should not leave harmful residues or produce toxic substances. Using multiple types of disinfectants in rotation is recommended to prevent resistance.
Maintaining a clean and hygienic environment is essential for duck health. Waste, feces, and dead ducks should be removed or treated properly, preferably downwind of the farm. Duck houses should be cleaned regularly to ensure good lighting, fresh air, and suitable temperatures. Rodent control is also important, and no other livestock or poultry should be raised on the premises. Facilities for the safe disposal of sick carcasses, manure, and wastewater should be available and located downwind to prevent contamination.
By following these guidelines, farmers can ensure a healthier, more sustainable rice-duck farming system that benefits both the environment and the economy.
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