Feeding Management of Dairy Cattle

Dairy farming requires careful attention to several key aspects, including the selection of high-quality cows, proper feeding strategies, and effective management practices. Here's a refined and comprehensive version of the content in English: --- **1. Selecting High-Quality Dairy Cows** The breed of dairy cows significantly affects milk production and economic returns. In China, black-and-white Holstein cows are the most common and have the highest milk yield, though their milk fat percentage is relatively low. On the other hand, breeds like Jiangnan cattle produce less milk but have higher fat content. When purchasing cows, it's important to avoid buying low-quality or underperforming animals from small farms. Instead, opt for cows from well-managed state-owned or collective farms known for quality breeding. When selecting cows, observe their appearance: look for a healthy, medium-aged animal with a well-proportioned body, strong limbs, and a broad udder that appears full and evenly shaped. Check the cow’s health records, including pedigree, vaccination history, and disease prevention documentation to ensure you're getting a healthy and productive animal. --- **2. Scientific Feeding Strategies for Dairy Cows** Proper nutrition is crucial for maintaining high milk yields and overall cow health. A balanced diet should include a variety of feed sources to meet nutritional needs. During winter and spring, when fresh forage is limited, it's essential to store green hay and silage. Small farms can grow crops like corn, carrots, or sorghum, or purchase by-products such as distiller’s grains to supplement feed. Feed formulation should be adjusted based on the cow's stage of lactation and productivity. For example, high-yielding cows (over 30 kg/day) may require 2–2.5 kg of concentrate per liter of milk, while lower-yield cows need more. The concentrate portion should generally not exceed 50% of the diet, with at least 13% crude fiber to support rumen health. In some cases, increasing concentrates to 60% temporarily may help boost milk production. New technologies, such as using corn silage or growth hormones like BST, can enhance milk output. Additionally, adjusting the coarse-to-fine ratio in feed helps improve milk fat percentage. Adding ingredients like soybean hulls, sodium bicarbonate, or methionine hydroxy analogs can also enhance milk quality and reduce costs. --- **3. Management During the Dry Period** Many farmers overlook the importance of dry period management, which directly impacts the next lactation cycle. Cows should have a dry period of about 60 days before calving to allow their bodies to recover. During this time, feeding should focus on maintaining good body condition without overfeeding. The last two weeks of the dry period require reducing calcium and phosphorus intake to prevent post-calving issues like hypocalcemia. --- **4. Summer Feeding and Management** High temperatures can reduce feed intake and milk production. To counter this, provide cool, fresh, and nutrient-rich feeds, especially in the early morning and late evening. Ensure clean water is always available, and improve barn ventilation with water curtains or fans. Regular cleaning of the barn, pest control, and hygiene practices are essential to prevent disease outbreaks. --- **5. Establishing Good Feeding Habits** Consistent feeding and milking schedules help build a conditioned reflex, improving milk yield and ease of management. Farms should develop and follow standardized procedures, avoiding arbitrary changes to feeding times or routines. --- **6. Staff Training and Hygiene** Mastitis is a major concern in dairy farming, often caused by poor milking techniques or unhygienic conditions. Training staff on proper milking procedures, cleaning equipment, and maintaining cleanliness around the udders is vital. Using milking machines correctly and avoiding teat damage can significantly reduce the risk of infection. --- By implementing these scientifically sound practices, dairy farmers can maximize milk production, improve cow health, and achieve better economic returns.

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