Feeding Management of Dairy Cattle

Proper selection and management of dairy cows are crucial for maximizing milk production and economic returns. Choosing high-quality dairy cows is the first step in this process. Different breeds have varying impacts on milk yield and fat content. For example, black-and-white dairy cows typically produce the highest milk volume, but their milk fat percentage is relatively low. On the other hand, Jiaobao cattle have lower milk yields but higher fat content. Therefore, breed selection should be based on specific farm goals—whether it's maximizing milk quantity or improving fat quality. When purchasing dairy cows, it's essential to avoid buying low-quality animals from untrustworthy sources. Many small farms tend to buy cheap cows that may have poor performance and low profitability in the long run. To ensure quality, it's better to purchase from state-owned or large-scale, well-managed farms with good reputations. When selecting cows, observe their physical appearance: they should be of moderate age, not beef cattle, with a well-proportioned body, strong limbs, and wide hindquarters. The udder should be symmetrical and shaped like a bathtub, with evenly distributed teats. Additionally, check the cow’s health records, including pedigree, vaccination history, and disease prevention files. Healthy cows with good genetic backgrounds are more likely to perform well and remain productive over time. Feeding practices also play a significant role in dairy cow productivity. A balanced diet is essential to maintain optimal health and milk production. Small farms often face challenges in feed diversity, especially during winter and spring when green forage is scarce. To address this, it's important to store sufficient high-quality hay and green feeds, and supplement with silage corn, carrots, sorghum, or distiller’s grains if available. Adjusting the concentrate-to-fiber ratio is key—concentrates should generally not exceed 50% of the diet, with crude fiber levels above 13%. During lactation, concentrate amounts should be adjusted based on milk yield to optimize both production and cost efficiency. New technologies can also enhance milk quality. For instance, using high-quality silage instead of inferior feed can increase milk yield by up to 50%. Growth hormones like BST may also boost production. Regarding milk fat percentage, dietary fiber and particle size influence rumen fermentation, which affects fat content. Adding certain minerals, such as sodium bicarbonate, or adjusting protein and amino acid levels can improve fat percentages without compromising milk yield. During the dry period, proper feeding is critical for future lactation performance. Cows should be given a dry period of about 60 days before calving to prepare for the next milk cycle. Nutrition during this time should be carefully managed, with adequate roughage and controlled calcium and phosphorus levels in the last two weeks to prevent post-calving issues. In summer, heat stress can reduce feed intake and milk production. Providing cool, fresh, and high-protein feeds, adjusting feeding times to cooler hours, and ensuring access to clean water can help mitigate these effects. Proper barn ventilation and hygiene are also vital to prevent disease outbreaks. Finally, developing consistent feeding habits and training staff in proper milking techniques are essential for reducing mastitis and other health issues. Maintaining cleanliness and following strict milking protocols can significantly improve cow health and milk quality. By focusing on all these aspects, dairy farmers can achieve sustainable and profitable milk production.

Polybutylene Succinate PBS

White particles, polyethylene glycol butyl diacid butyl ester (PBS) by succinic acid and butyl glycol by condensation polymerization of synthetic, resin in milky white, odorless, vulnerable to a variety of microorganisms or plants and animals in nature of the enzyme catabolism, eventually decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, is typical of completely biodegradable polymer material has good biological compatibility and biological absorbability;Density of 1.26 g/cm3, melting point 114, according to the high or low molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity between 30 ~ 45% in the 1990 s it into the material research field, and quickly became can be widely applied in the universal one of research hotspots of biodegradable plastic materials, heat resistant performance is good, heat distortion temperature, and the products using the temperature can exceed 100 synthetic raw material sources can be either its oil resources, also can through fermentation by biological resources, PBS are outstanding in biodegradable plastic materials.

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