First, the cause of fruit trees Yuden Park First, the planting density is unreasonable; Second, the crown is too large; Third, the amount of leaves per unit area is too much; Fourth, excessive growth in nutrition.
Second, the apple Yuquan Park transformation measures should not be rushed to avoid excessive one-time sparse branch number shall not exceed 1/4 of the total amount of the original tree.
Wound protection after sparse protection The large wounds formed after thinning are protected with a wound healing agent.
After strengthening summer trimming and reshaping, due to the relatively concentrated supply of nutrients, it is necessary to control the growth of new shoots; at the same time, some long branches on the back of the canopy should be preserved to disperse nutrients and reduce sunburn.
Strengthen the reasonable load of thinning and fruiting and ensure the quality of fruit. Generally, the amount of fruit left per acre is controlled according to the level of fertility to 13,000 to 18,000.
Strengthen fertilizer and water management at the same time, prevent the epidemic of root rot.
III. Notes on the transformation of Apple's Yuden Garden The simplest and most effective method for transforming the closed apple garden is to start thinning and then transform the tree. For closed gardens of Qiaohua and Qiaohua root stocks, the number of trees per acre is reduced to 30-50 plants by thinning according to the site conditions and the size of the canopy, and then the permanent trees are dried by the method of lifting, falling heads, and sparse branches. The tree is transformed into a standard sparse layer. For the closed gardens of Qiaohua varieties and dwarfing anvils, combined and short-stemmed varieties and Qiao stock, the number of trees per acre is reduced to 50 to 60 plants by thinning, and then the permanent tree shape is transformed into a high light effect happy shape.
Fourth, the transformation method of Apple Yudeng Garden thinning thinning between the two separate and random thinning. Inter-row cutting is applied to closed orchards with rows and rows in the north and south. Random thinning is applied to orchards with irregular topography of the orchard or with severe rot disease.
According to the orchard reconstruction plan, first determine the permanent tree and the temporary tree. For the orchard with severe canopy closure, the temporary tree can be thinned once. For the orchard with less canopy closure, the principle of temporary tree giving way to the permanent tree should be adopted in the orchard with less canopy closure. Large branches should be removed year after year to be reserved for permanent trees. In the space, the temporary tree is completely thinned.
The transformation of the tree shape to the combination of Qiaohua and Joe anvil should be converted into small crown sparse layer shape, namely stem height 1.0 to 1.2 meters, tree height about 3 meters, leaving 4 to 6 main branches per tree, main branch angle 60 At ~70 degrees, large, medium, and small fruiting branches are arranged on the main branch, and the large fruiting branch groups are mainly loose long axis. For the combination of short-stem type and Qiao anvil, combination and Qiaohua varieties and dwarfing anvil, it should be transformed into high light effect happy shape, that is about 1 meter high, about 3 meters high, and 8 to 12 small trees per tree. Main branch, branch ratio ≤ l:3, main branch angle 80 to 90 degrees, the main branch directly on the production of a small result stick group or the result of the branch, maintaining the main branch of a single axis extension. According to the target tree shape, it is necessary to determine the backbone branches and use the method of lifting, dropping the head and sparse branches to configure the skeleton.
1 mention dry. In the absence of a one-off mouth injury and a second injury, the height of the trunk is increased to about 1 meter in 1 to 2 years.
2 fall. Falling heads should be treated differently depending on the circumstances. For those who have a strong tendency to extend their heads, they must first remove the large branches above the falling head and weaken their growth, and then wait for their growth to ease before they fall and fall in 3 to 5 years; If the head grows weaker, you can drop it into place.
3 sparse branches. Excess branches other than the branch sticks should be gradually removed according to their influence on the branches.
4 culture results sticks. After the pruning in winter, the control amounted to 60,000 to 80,000 pieces per acre. In the winter cut of Qiaohua Orchard, special attention should be paid to the protection of the "moderate bar". After these branches are slightly modified, they can be cultivated into loose uniaxial branch groups and become the most important result unit of the sparse layer-shaped tree. Http://Content/a78e6af3-d667-49d5-90d2-a3d1c8cc9078?cType=2
API Powder is fully defined in ICH Q7A as any substance or mixture of substances intended for use in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, as an active ingredient of pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activities or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function or structure of the body. The active ingredient of a medicine. Only when an API is processed into a pharmaceutical preparation can it become a medicine for clinical application.
According to its source, apis are divided into chemical synthetic drugs and natural chemical drugs.
Chemical synthetic drugs can be divided into inorganic synthetic drugs and organic synthetic drugs. Inorganic synthetic drugs are inorganic compounds (very few are elements), such as aluminum hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, etc. Organic synthetic drugs are mainly made of basic organic chemical raw materials, through a series of organic chemical reactions and drugs (such as aspirin, chloramphenicol, caffeine, etc.).
Natural chemical drugs can also be divided into biochemical drugs and phytochemical drugs according to their sources. Antibiotics are generally produced by microbial fermentation and belong to the category of biochemistry. In recent years, a variety of semi-synthetic antibiotics are the combination of biosynthesis and chemical synthesis products. Among apis, organic synthetic drugs account for the largest proportion of variety, yield and output value, which is the main pillar of chemical pharmaceutical industry. The quality of the API determines the quality of the preparation, so its quality standards are very strict. All countries in the world have formulated strict national pharmacopoeia standards and quality control methods for the widely used APIS.
Specific API after processing -- pharmaceutical preparations
The term API is used mainly in relation to the finished product. Mainly raw materials obtained by chemical processing means, supply raw materials for the production of finished drugs. For example, cefpirome sulfate for injection is a drug, then cefpirome sulfate is an API
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