The causes of wheat seedling death in winter and spring can be broadly categorized into endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous factors relate to the plant's inherent ability to resist cold and drought. Varieties with poor cold tolerance are more likely to suffer from seedling death, especially when sown too early. If the seedlings develop spikes during winter, they become more vulnerable to frost damage. Weak or late-emerging seedlings, which have accumulated less sugar, are particularly prone to dehydration and death due to cold and dry conditions.
Exogenous factors include environmental conditions such as weather, soil quality, and improper farming practices. For example, insufficient rainfall in summer and autumn leads to low soil moisture, and a lack of snow or rain in winter and spring increases soil dryness. Sudden temperature fluctuations can cause severe damage to wheat seedlings. Saline soils can also lead to physiological dehydration, resulting in plant death. Poorly selected varieties with weak winter hardiness and shallow tillering are more susceptible to temperature changes. Over-sowing, planting too deep or too dense can result in weak seedlings, which struggle to survive the winter. Inadequate groundwater or failure to apply frozen water before freezing temperatures can also lead to early seedling death.
To reduce seedling death, several cultivation measures can be implemented. First, selecting cold-resistant wheat varieties is the most cost-effective strategy. Local farmers should choose varieties that are well-suited to their region and ensure they have sufficient cold resistance to survive the winter. Second, proper irrigation during the seedling stage is essential. If the soil lacks moisture, watering during the tillering phase can help strengthen root development and improve winter survival. However, excessive watering should be avoided, as it may delay the cooling process of the plants.
Winter irrigation is another critical practice. It helps maintain soil moisture, improves nutrient availability, and increases soil heat capacity. Applying water at the right time—ideally when nighttime temperatures drop to around 4°C—can protect seedlings from frost. The timing of irrigation should be adjusted based on soil type, seedling health, and local conditions. Clay soils should be irrigated earlier to prevent freezing, while sandy soils benefit from later irrigation. In some areas, such as wetlands or rice fields, irrigation can be used to control pests.
Another effective measure is rolling the wheat fields to break up cracks, compact the soil, and promote root development. Covering the fields with a thin layer of soil or sand during winter can help insulate the base of the plants, reduce moisture loss, and protect against extreme cold. A 1–2 cm layer of cover material is usually sufficient. The cover should be removed when temperatures rise above 5°C in spring. For weak or late-sown wheat, covering is especially important to protect against frost and encourage healthy growth. Films can be used for additional protection, but timing is key—early coverage helps warm the plants, while late coverage may risk leaf freeze. For late-sown wheat, applying the film after sowing can provide better protection and support early growth.
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