In swine farming, low sow fertility is a common challenge that can significantly impact productivity. This issue often stems from poor fertilization rates, early embryonic death, or even absorption of embryos by the sow. To address these problems effectively, several strategies can be implemented.
First, it's essential to focus on the feeding and management of gilts before breeding. About 3 to 14 days prior to mating, it's recommended to increase their intake of protein and energy-rich feeds. At the same time, adding minerals and vitamins helps the sows reach their optimal reproductive condition faster. For gilts that are not in good shape, a 6-step feeding strategy can be applied—this involves providing high-quality nutrition over an extended period before mating to help them regain vitality and improve their chances of successful breeding, reduce the risk of abortion, and increase litter size.
Second, timing of mating plays a crucial role. The best time to breed sows is between 22 to 24 hours after the onset of estrus. During this period, the sow will show signs such as reduced excitement, clear mucus discharge from the vulva, and a willingness to stand when pressure is applied. Breeding at this stage ensures higher fertilization rates and lower embryo mortality, ultimately leading to better farrowing rates.
Third, hormonal regulation can be beneficial. Within the first 7 days after mating, administering 30 mg of progesterone to each sow can help reduce early embryonic loss and prevent miscarriages. This hormone supports the development of the embryos during the critical early stages.
Fourth, feed quality must be carefully managed. Sows should be fed high-quality feed during pregnancy, and it's important to avoid moldy, contaminated, or frozen feed. These types of feed can lead to food poisoning or pesticide exposure, which may cause embryo toxicity and, in severe cases, threaten the sow’s life.
Fifth, controlling environmental temperature is vital. Studies have shown that if the ambient temperature rises to 32–35°C for just 24 hours during the first week of pregnancy, it can lead to increased embryonic death. Similarly, overheated boars can also negatively affect embryo survival. Therefore, maintaining a stable temperature between 15 and 25°C is ideal for ensuring healthy pregnancies.
In addition to these measures, it's important to monitor and treat any reproductive system diseases promptly. Regular health checks and timely intervention can prevent many issues that might otherwise lead to low birth rates.
By implementing these practices, farmers can significantly improve sow fertility, enhance litter sizes, and ensure more successful farrowings.
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