Pentium Aquatic Products Co., Ltd.
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The cultivation of P. vannamei refers to the growth of a full-length shrimp of about 1 cm in size to commercial shrimp. In the north inland region, the South American white prawn cultivation includes the two processes of depigmentation and adult prawn farming. The culture method can be pond culture, purse seine culture, cage culture, etc. The pond culture is the easiest to implement. This section uses pond culture as an example to introduce the development of Penaeus vannamei.
(1) The construction of shrimp farms The shrimp farms are the bases for shrimp production. The site selection, design and construction of shrimp farms are directly related to the aquaculture production, benefits, and future development potential. It is an important factor that cannot be ignored for artificial shrimp farming. Before the construction of the site, a comprehensive survey must be conducted to find the lowest cost and most reasonable construction layout for future aquaculture production.
Site selection:
The selection of shrimp farm address should fully consider geological, water quality, weather, social conditions and other factors.
1. Geological conditions: including topography, topography, soil properties, etc. Generally speaking, shrimp farms should be built where the topography changes are relatively stable and the terrain is flat, and the soil is suitable for clay. Sandy soil can also be used for the cultivation of white shrimps in South America, but the natural permeability of sand will cause the shrimp ponds to leak water and deepen the fertilizer water deep into the shrimp ponds. Sandy soils with low organic matter content are also difficult to maintain the normal amount of phytoplankton. These factors should be taken into consideration when playing.
In addition, attention should be paid to the pH of soil, and it is not advisable to build shrimp farms in acid soils, because Penaeus vannamei prefers to live in slightly alkaline waters. Acidic soil shrimp ponds will have difficulty in stabilizing the pH of the water, and it is also not conducive to phytoplankton. Training.
2. Water quality conditions White shrimp culture in South America must have sufficient water quality and good water quality as a guarantee. It is required that shrimp farms should have a water source with fresh water, sufficient water, and no pollution, and water quality indicators should meet the standards for fishery water quality. Which PH value is stable and suitable, should pay attention to, South American white shrimp culture requires the best PH of the water between 7-8, fluctuations not too much.
3. Meteorological conditions In recent years, floods and droughts in some areas of China have caused serious damage to breeding and aquaculture. Selection of shrimp farm sites should take into account the important meteorological factors, and the local annual rainfall should be investigated before construction. , annual evaporation, etc., to determine whether to build flood discharge channels or storage tanks. Others such as changes in temperature, temperature, etc. should also be understood, in order to make appropriate arrangements, such as heating and insulation devices.
4. Social conditions The construction of shrimp farms should also take into account social conditions such as transportation, hydropower, and communications. In order to facilitate farming, production and sales, the shrimp farm should be built in a place with convenient transportation, sufficient electricity, fast communication, and guaranteed labor and material supply.
Shrimp pond construction:
The positions of the shrimp ponds should be arranged in a "non-" shape, and each shrimp pond should be required;
1. The area of ​​shrimp ponds should not be too large or too small. It is too difficult to manage if it is too large. If it is too small, the water body is easily affected by the external environment. Shrimp growth is unfavorable. Generally, 2-8 mu can be used.
2. Shape and Source The shape of the shrimp pond can be rectangular, square or round, because this shape is conducive to the accumulation and removal of waste in the culture, but the rectangular pond can save the ground, the construction cost is low, and it is easy to pull the net operation. Rectangular shrimp ponds should be wide in length from north to south to extend the length of sunshine. The aspect ratio can be 2:1 to 4:1. Pool depth requires about 2 meters, water depth 1.2-1.5 meters.
3. Intake and Drainage System Each shrimp pond should have an independent intake and drainage system. In order to ensure water quality and avoid the spread of diseases, the shrimp ponds must not be mixed with water, and the water inlets should be kept away from the drains. The inlet and outlet shall be controlled by valves. The size of the inlet and outlet shall be capable of emptying and filling the pond within 6 hours at the maximum flow rate. At the same time, a screen should be set at the inlet and outlet to filter the incoming and outgoing water, to prevent the injected water from being mixed into the enemy, and to prevent the escape of the shrimp.
Other supporting measures:
1. Reservoirs In the case that the amount of water in the shrimp farm is insufficient or the water quality is not very good, the construction of the reservoir can ensure the smooth development of the shrimp, and the reservoir can ensure the water consumption of the shrimp pond and the quality of the improved water. The storage tank should store 30% of all aquaculture water, and have inlet and outlet. The water level of the storage tank can reach a certain height. When it is needed, the automatic water supply can be directly performed without a pump.
2. Sedimentation ponds and filter ponds The water discharged from the shrimp ponds should pass the sedimentation and filtration tanks to precipitate waste, remove impurities and improve water quality, so as to reduce pollution and maintain the ecological environment. When aquaculture production adopts a recycling method, more attention should be paid to the rational construction of sedimentation tanks and filtration tanks to avoid the spread of diseases. The area of ​​general sedimentation tanks and filtration tanks should be 5-10% of the aquaculture area.
3. The warehouse should be equipped with a warehouse to store raw materials, feed, various facilities, appliances and so on.
4. Fishery machinery and electric power supporting fishery machinery mainly include aeration machinery and water lifting machinery. Aerators can be used for impeller type aerators, waterwheel type aerators, injection aerators, etc. Water lifting machines are mainly used for water pumps, and a 0.2 kW water pump is required for each mu of water. In addition, 1 kilowatt of electricity is required for each mu of water.
5. Nets and other commonly used fishing gear (2) Temporary rearing and desalination of shrimp seedlings At present, the shrimp seedlings supplied by the South American white prawns breeding farm in southern China have generally been reduced to a salinity of 2‰-10‰, and cultivation in inland areas is underway. Further desalination until it is adapted to pure fresh water, the process takes about 15-30 days. The shrimp seedlings can also enhance the constitution of the shrimps at the same time of depreciation, eliminate sick and weak shrimp seedlings, and play the role of roughening and improving the survival rate. This step can be carried out in a small holding tank, or it can be directly diluted in the rearing tank until the shrimp is grown, but using a separate holding tank can save costs.
1. Holding pool conditions:
The holding pool shall be located in a place where there is sufficient sunshine, leeward air, fresh air, sufficient water, good water quality, and closeness to the pool. Temporary pools can use concrete pools, which are low in cost and easy to manage. It is required that the wall of the pool is smooth and flat, and the rectangle is appropriate. The area of ​​each holding pool is 20-30 square meters, the depth of the pool is 1-2 meters, and the water depth is 0.8-1 meters. There is an inlet and outlet pipe, and the inlet and outlet shall be equipped with a screen. The holding pool should also be equipped with inflatable devices and thermal insulation devices.
2. Qingchi disinfection:
Thoroughly sterilize the holding tank before stocking, and use bleach or quicklime for disinfection. The amount of bleaching powder: 10 grams of bleach per square meter dissolved in water, Quanchiposa. Lime consumption: wet method, 100-200 kg per mu, dry method halved. Disinfection should be carried out in the morning with fine weather. One week after disinfection, it can be injected into the holding tank. When entering the water, it should be filtered with a 50-mesh screen to prevent the mixing of enemies.
3. Water intake and cultivation of natural bio-feeds:
One week after disinfection, the holding pool can be filled with water. The initial water intake is 30-60 cm deep. After the shrimp is 3-4 days before the pool, the fermented mature fertilizer is applied to cultivate the basic bait so that the shrimp can enter the pond and can be eaten. Live baits increase survival rate and reduce feeding costs.
4. The introduction of shrimp transport:
The breeding time can be selected according to local conditions such as the temperature of the water body suitable for breeding of white shrimp in South America. In general, the northern region can introduce shrimp seedlings from the southern breeding base from the end of May to June, so that after four months of cultivation, it can reach the commodity shrimp specifications and can be listed in the market before the temperature drops in October. If there is a heat preservation facility, the time can be set according to its own conditions, and more than one year of breeding can also be carried out. The time of shrimp transportation should be within 6 hours. The depth of water in the pool before the stocking of the shrimp should be added to 50-70 cm, and salt should be used to regulate the salinity of the shrimp when introduced.
5. Shrimp stocking:
Three days after fertilization in the holding tank, shrimps were introduced for stocking. Advanced mitered seedling treatment, the bag will be soaked in the pool for 10-20 minutes, until the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the bag is less than 1 °C, before planting seedlings, put the seedling density 3000-5000 tail / square meter.
6. Desalination and water quality management:
In the initial stage of holding the holding tank, the shrimp seedlings are injected with water 5 centimeters a day until the water depth reaches 0.8-1 meters. Afterwards, the adaptability of the shrimp is gradually reduced, and the water is changed every 2-3 days. Each time the water volume is changed by 1/5 Until the pool water is replaced with fresh water, under the slow adaptation of the shrimp, salt can be properly sprinkled into the pool to slow down the desalination rate. The entire desalination process takes about 15-30 days. In this process, water quality conditions are crucial, whether the desalination is successful, and whether the survival rate can guarantee good water quality as a guarantee. Therefore, in addition to changing the water every day, it is necessary to remove waste and residual baits every day, and to ensure that the dissolved oxygen in the water is higher than 5 mg/L. When a large number of phytoplankton in the holding pool die and the body of the water body is suddenly wasted, the water should be replaced by 20%-30% in time, and the phytoplankton should be re-cultivated or inoculated from other pool green water.
7. Feeding:
In the stage of holding, whether the food is sufficient and whether the nutrition is balanced is a key factor affecting the survival rate of the shrimp seedlings. During this period, in addition to the use of basic baits in the water, the artificial crushed material of cooked egg yolks, crushed fish larvae or shrimps should be fed daily, and the protein content of the artificial compound feeds can be 25%-30%. Daily feeding 4 times, respectively, 8:00, 12:00, 17:00, 22:00, feeding way for the whole pool evenly spilled, because at this time shrimp activity is not strong, weak physical, cast Uneven bait can cause some shrimps to starve or eat between shrimps and reduce the survival rate. Feeding amount can be flexibly controlled according to the feeding conditions of shrimp. Table 1 is available for reference.
Table 1 Daily Feeding Rates of Juveniles of Different Body Sizes
Body length
(cm)
1.0
1.0-1.5
1.5-2.0
2.0-2.5
2.5-3.0
3.0-3.5
3.5-4.0
4.0-4.5
4.5-5.0 4.5-5.0
Feeding amount (g/tail)
50-80
80-120
120-150
150-200
200-300
300-400
450-600
600-750
750-1000
8. Transfer pool:
After 15-30 days of larval rearing, the shrimp body can grow to 3-4 cm. At this time, the juvenile shrimp has adapted to the pure fresh water life, and the constitution is greatly strengthened. It can be moved into the rearing pool for further breeding. The shifting pool should be selected in the morning with clear and windless weather. At this time, the pool should be ensured that the dredging and disinfection has been completed and plankton preparations have been prepared. The water temperature and dissolved oxygen in the two pools should be equivalent to ensure that the shrimp body can adapt. , to ensure the survival rate of the pool.
(C) Preparation of shrimps before breeding in Penaeus vannamei:
1. Qingchi Qingchi is one of the key measures to improve the pool bottom environment, eliminate the enemy bacteria in the pond, ensure the normal growth of the shrimp seedlings after entering the pond, and reduce the pressure on future production management. The contents include desilting the entire pond and drug disinfection.
(1) Shrimp ponds that have undergone aquaculture production are required to conduct desilting and slicing work before undergoing a new round of cultivation. Dry and wet methods can be adopted for dredging. Dry method: discharge the pool water in winter and spring, and dry the pond. If there is more silt in the bottom of the pool, shovel it off the dry pond. With this method, the bottom waste is a solid material that is easy to remove and transport away, and makes the bottom of the tank harder, reduces the damage in the tank and is easy to operate in the future, but the bottom soil is easily oxidized and increases the depth of the tank. Wet method: Without drying ponds, the shrimp ponds are repeatedly flushed with mechanical pumps to wash away the waste. This method takes a short time and does not cause oxidation of the bottom of the pool. However, the waste is prone to contamination, and the washed away wastewater is subject to Properly handle it away from water sources.
After the dredging, the bottom of the pond should be leveled and the dams should be maintained and the weeds should be removed.
(2) Drug Disinfection In order to eliminate the remaining enemy organisms and pathogenic organisms in the pool, after desilting the whole pond, about 20 days before the emergence of the seedlings, drugs must be disinfected. Commonly used medicines include chlorine-containing disinfectants such as quicklime and bleaching powder. The principle of quicklime disinfection is that the quicklime reacts with water and releases a lot of heat energy and produces calcium hydroxide. In a short period of time, the PH value of the water body rapidly rises above 11 to kill the hostile organisms and pathogens. Dosage: Dry method, 60-80 kilograms of mu, double the wet method.
The disinfecting principle of bleaching powder and other chlorine-containing disinfectants is that the water enters water to decompose hypochlorous acid, while hypochlorous acid can release new eco-oxygen, which has a strong bactericidal and destructive effect. Dosage; bleaching powder; dry method, 5 kg / acre, wet method 5ppm: sodium hypochlorite: 5ppm: sodium dichloroisocyanate 3-5ppm; chlorine dioxide 2-3ppm.
2. Filtration The influent water can be filled in the pond one week after the disinfection. The influent water should be filtered with a 40-60 mesh sieve to prevent the invasion of enemy pests. The shrimp pond can be filled with 30-60 cm deep water for the first time.
3. Fertilization and cultivation of plankton The purpose of fertilizing plankton is to improve water quality, increase dissolved oxygen in water, enhance water stability, and reduce water transparency to provide a suitable living environment for shrimp. If water is too clear and plankton is not available, important factors such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, etc., are very vulnerable to external influences and fluctuate widely, are difficult to control, and are unfavorable for culture. Moreover, the water body is transparent and the light intensity is high. It is an unpleasant stimulus to the shrimp and it is not its normal living environment. It is difficult for the shrimp to survive and grow for a long time under this state of stimulation.
Normal ponds can be fertilized after water injection. Fertilizers can be manure or inorganic fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. For the first fertilization, the organic fertilizer is applied at 10-20 kg per acre, and the inorganic fertilizer is applied at 1-2 kg per acre. Afterwards, the water filling with the shrimp pond should be properly top-dressed, and the shrimp should be top-dressed once in 2-3 days in the early stage and once in the latter 10-20 days.
4. Shrimp stocking:
Before stocking the shrimp, the depth of the shrimp pond should be increased to 60-70 cm. The water temperature and other conditions should be the same as in the holding pond. Before the seedlings were released, they had been tested safely, and a small amount of shrimp seedlings were put into the shrimp ponds first, and they were observed for a day and night. It was confirmed that the shrimps had a large number of seedlings after normal activities. The seedlings should be selected in the morning without wind and fine weather.
Stocking Density: Generally speaking, the young shrimp is 3-4cm in length, 1-20000 mu in length, 2-3cm in length, 1.5-250000 mu in length, 1-2cm in length, and 2 mu in size. - 30,000-tail, the following formula can also be used to calculate the stocking density:
Mu stocking amount = planned mu yield (kg/mu) * Estimated breeding specifications (tail/kg)/predicted survival rate It should be pointed out here that if the aquaculture area is small, there is no separate holding tank directly in the shrimp pond In the desalination and shrimp farming, it is necessary to pay attention to stocking density can not be too high, acres can be put 2-3 million.
5. Feeding:
During the shrimp culture of Penaeus vannamei, it can be fed with artificial compound feed. The protein content of artificial compound feed can be more than 20%. See Table 2 for the feed particle size. During this period, because the South American white shrimp increased its food intake and activity, and the empty stomach time was shortened, it could be fed 5 times a day to facilitate its growth and reduce the pressure of water pollution. The feeding time was: 6:00, 10 : 00, 14:00, 18:00, 23:00, feeding method can be gradually poured from the Quanchipui turn to the feeding dish fixed feeding. The daily feeding amount can be flexibly controlled according to the feeding conditions of the shrimp. Table 2 can be used as a reference. If you are feeding fresh bait, make sure that the bait is fresh and disease-free and wash it before feeding. Feeding should follow the following principles: feed fresh, a large number of shrimp shelling less feed, shelling a few days later to strengthen the feeding, the water quality is not good to feed less, when the weather is bad, stop feeding or less feed.
Table 2 Daily feed rates and feed particle sizes of P. vannamei in different specifications
Body length (cm)
3.5-4.5
4.5-7.0
7.0-9.5
9.5
Daily feeding rate
(% of body weight)
9-7
7-5
5-4
4-2
Food particle size
(mm)
1.2
2.0
6. Water Quality Management:
Water is the living environment of P. vannamei, and the quality of water directly affects the physiological activities such as feeding and growth of shrimp. In a well-adapted environment, shrimp eat well and grow rapidly. If the water quality is poor, not only the growth of the shrimp will be affected, but also its resistance will be reduced, and the disease will be susceptible to infection, resulting in a huge loss of culture. Therefore, during the cultivation of white shrimp in South America, attention should be paid to water quality management, and scientifically changing and replacing water is the most direct and most effective measure to control and improve the water quality of shrimp ponds.
In the early stages of the cultivation of Penaeus vannamei, fresh water should be injected into the pool 5-10 centimeters a day until the water depth reaches 1.2-1.5 meters to maintain this water level. After the growth of the shrimp body and the condition of the water quality, an appropriate amount of water is changed. Before the shrimp is 8 cm long, the amount of water can be changed by about 10%. The length of the shrimp body is 8-10 cm, and the amount of water can be maintained at 10 %-20%, after the replacement of water more than 20%. Change the water should pay attention to the skills, as much as possible a small number of times, do not big row irrigation, so as to avoid sudden changes in the water environment, shrimp stress response, causing the disease.
The water quality of Penaeus vannamei in its growing season: water temperature 20°C-32°C, dissolved oxygen not less than 4 mg/L, PH between 7-8.5, daily fluctuation less than 0.5, transparency 30-40 cm.
In order to ensure sufficient oxygen in the rearing tank, a 2-kW aerator shall be provided for each 2-mu pond to supplement oxygen at any time.
7. Daily management:
Day-to-day management includes pool water environmental factor detection, observation of shrimp activity, and determination of shrimp body biology.
In the process of shrimp cultivation, daily observation of shrimp conditions and water conditions should be performed, and water quality should be measured regularly, such as changing water, opening and closing aerators, changing the amount of feed, etc., to ensure a good environment and science for shrimp. Breeding. In daily management, we should also pay attention to disease prevention work, such as regularly disinfecting various facilities and tools, and regularly disinfecting pool water.
8. Harvest:
Harvesting is the last step in the production of white shrimp culture in South America. The methods and timing of fishing are related to the ultimate economic benefits and cannot be ignored.
After about three months of culture, the length of South American white shrimp to commodity shrimp can be captured. In the northern region, from September to September, catching ponds can be captured. If it is later than October, the outdoor water temperature drops below 18 degrees Celsius. The growth of shrimp is slow and it is uneconomical to continue farming. Moreover, Penaeus vannamei can not naturally winter in the north, only with insulation facilities for further feeding, so the general harvest time is a temperature limiting factor. In addition, the capture time of the shrimp should be comprehensively determined depending on the market and the growth of the shrimp. For example, 50% of the shrimp in the pool will stop feeding, and the shrimp should be given urgently in case of disease.
The ponds were cultured in the manner of capturing Penaeus vannamei in the form of water, shrimp, and shrimp.
Generally, when large-scale and one-time harvesting is completed at the later stage of cultivation, it is possible to adopt a method of releasing water and collecting shrimp. This method has the advantages of convenient operation, high speed, large catch at one time, and low remaining in the pool after catching. Drainage shrimp collection is to put a shrimp net at the drain, open the drain gate, and quickly drain the water so that the shrimp will be stored in the mesh bag as the water flows out of the pond. If a small amount of shrimp is harvested during the aquaculture period instead of harvesting all at once, it can be done by pulling the net to harvest shrimp.
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