Guangdong black melon melon cultivation technology

First, wax gourd, wax gourd is an annual climbing herb. Its roots are strong, fibrous roots well developed, depth 50-100 cm, width 150-200 cm, strong root absorption ability, easy to produce adventitious roots; leaves alternate, leaves broad, palmate, 5-7 lobed, green, leaf blade Hairy, 30-35 cm wide, 24-28 cm long, veins reticulate, abaxially prominent. Petiole apparent, long 14-18 cm, 0.5-0.7 cm in diameter, velvet; vinelike, pentagonal-angled, green, densely pilose. Strong branching ability, each axillary bud can be sent side vine, lateral vine branch buds can also be extracted from the side of the vine, if left to grow, the vine is very lush. Therefore, in the cultivation, it should be timely topping, snoring to prevent mad vines. There is only one axillary bud in the primary stem section, and the vines are started. Each stem section is born with tendrils, and thereafter the stem section also bears male or female flowers. Basal stem sections are also prone to adventitious roots in wet conditions to absorb nutrients and moisture. Therefore, in the cultivation of vines can be taken to expand its absorption area.
Second, melon flowers are mostly unisexual, usually male and female plants with different flowers, and some species are bisexual flowers. Male flowers generally occur first, followed by female flowers. The occurrence of male and female flowers has certain rules. Male and female sepals 5, nearly campanulate, green, 5 petals, elliptic, yellow. Stamens 3, arranged in central triangles of flowers, terminal anthers, several degrees curved and dehiscent. Female petal is the same as male. The lower part of the ovary, the shape of which varies from species to species, is oblong, short-elliptic, green, and densely velvety. The pedicel is shorter and thicker than the male pedicel and is covered with hairs. Style short, stigma lobed three-lobed, pale yellow. The position of the first female flower in the main vine varies depending on the species and environmental conditions. In early maturing cultivars, the first female flower is generally formed within the leaf culms of the main vines 6-9; the middle and late-maturing cultivars are formed within the leaf pods of the 12th-15th or 15th-20th segment. From the first female flower, a female flower is generally differentiated every 5-7 knots, and two or even three female flowers are successively differentiated. Appropriate environmental conditions can reduce the appearance of the main vine flower. Lateral vines differentiate female flowers earlier and more female flowers occur in the first and second quarters. Wax gourd generally depends on the main vines, and the reliability of the side vines is poor. Winter melon flowers usually begin at around 10 o'clock in the evening and begin to bloom at 7 o'clock in the morning. The petals fade for about 2 days. According to the experience of the melon farmers, the slower the petal withering, the longer it takes to stay on the melon, the stronger the melon, and the bigger the melon. As a result of the robust growth of plants, there are sufficient nutrients for fruit development.
Third, the cultivation methods of wax gourd cultivation can be divided into three kinds of melon, greenhouse melon and melon.
1. Dioscorea zingiberensis: The plants grow on the ground, and the spacing between the plants is relatively dilute. Generally about 300 plants are planted per acre, and the management is relatively extensive. The stems and vines are basically allowed to grow or result before the lateral vines are removed, and the results grow arbitrarily. Its advantages are less labor and lower cost. The disadvantage is that the melon type is not good, often melons; otherwise the deformed fruit rate is high; the peel is easily damaged by the external environment and affects the storability; the use of light energy is low, the result size is uneven, and the yield per unit area is low. This method is only applicable to the gray-skin gourd varieties sold on the island, and the northern shipping or export varieties with higher commercial requirements, such as “Green Peel” and “Black Peel” are not applicable.
2. Shed wax gourd: After the plants are pumped, bamboo scaffolding is used to introduce the vines. There are high sheds and low sheds. High sheds are generally 150-200 cm tall, low sheds are generally 60-80 cm tall, and sheds are 250-300 cm wide. The sea squash farmer generally uses a dwarf shed. Before planting on the shed, the side vines were removed and the vines on the upper shed grew arbitrarily. The fruit of shed melon is better than the melon, the fruit size is relatively uniform, and the yield per unit area is generally higher than that of the melon.
3, rack melon: Generally about 550 per acre planting, there are many forms of stents. There is a "one-stop": that is, a piece of each plant, in the height of 130-150 cm, with bamboo sticks fixed in place; there is a "personal frame"; there is "one-star gantry longan" and "four-star gantry longan": That is, three or four bamboo poles are used to form a drum frame. Each drum frame is fixed with a horizontal bamboo, and one drum frame is provided. Although the form of melon melons is varied, all of them are combined with plant adjustments to better utilize the space, increase the fruit setting rate and make the fruit size uniform, which is conducive to improving the yield and quality; it is also conducive to intercropping and increasing the frequency of multiple cropping; Shed gourd saves racks and reduces costs. Under current conditions, the winter melon is a more reasonable and scientific method among the three cultivation methods.
IV. Cultivation season, sowing seedlings and planting density
1. Cultivation season: The wax gourd is warm and heat-resistant. In order to obtain high yield, the suitable climate conditions for the development of the melon melon fruit and fruit should be selected for planting. Climate conditions have the greatest impact on the fruit set rate of wax gourd, so special attention must be paid to seasonal arrangements. Clear weather, high temperatures, high humidity and other conditions are conducive to fruit set; air-drying, low temperatures and cloudy days, less insect activity, is not conducive to pollination; and reduce the stigma's ability to receive powder, and thus set a bad fruit. According to the characteristics of winter melon's demand for light and temperature, southern Hainan, due to winter and spring temperatures above 20°C, is full of sunlight, can be planted throughout the winter and spring, and can normally flower; the sowing of wax gourd, in addition to considering climate factors, also Should pay attention to consider market factors. In order to make the cultivated wax gourd achieve high yield and high efficiency.
2, sowing seedlings: spring cultivation of wax gourd, due to the influence of low temperature, it is advisable to take nutrition seedlings. The required nutrient soil should be prepared in advance, and it can be selected from the fertile garden soil broiled through the sieve, the cooked pig, the cow dung slag, the hull ash or the coconut husk, etc. The volumetric ratio of the three is about 6:2:2, and a small amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer can also be added. The adding amount is generally controlled to 0.2%-0.3%, and the mixture is required to be mixed to prevent injury. . Melon seed germination is usually performed by immersing in warm water of 50-55°C for 10-15 minutes (stirring with stirring), and then immersing for 10-12 hours at room temperature. Preferably, germination is performed at about 30°C. Soaking time is longer, germination is faster and more neat, one and a half to two days, most of the germination; soaking time is shorter, the germination potential is poor. Seed skin smooth and missed species, due to poor permeability of the species, germination easily lead to hypoxia rotten species, germination rate is low. Therefore, for the germination of such seeds, the seed coat must be first scrubbed with fine sand, the adherents removed, and germinated at a constant temperature of 28-30°C. Before germination, the seeds were rinsed once a day with water in the morning and evening, and the water was drained off in time and the germination continued. If there is no constant temperature equipment, it is safer to use live seedlings or nursery beds after soaking in Sichuan.
3, the day before sowing, the medium-sized nutritious soil of Suizhong should be soaked. The depth of sowing should be 2-3cm. Each nutritious seed should be sown with 1-2 seeds for germination. The seeds should be laid flat or with sharp buds, and then the shade net should be covered immediately after sowing. Straw and other coverings; in case of cold or rainy weather, it is appropriate to cover with plastic film. After sowing until emergence, pay attention to watering, but do not take too much water to prevent rot rot. Just keep the soil moist. About 70% of the emergence, it is timely to remove the cover. Appropriately control the moisture before the seedlings break and promote the growth of the roots; after the breakage, the nutrient soil is often kept in a semi-dry state, so that the melon seedlings grow steadily. About 25-30 days can be transplanted into Daejeon, 2-3 days before planting, 10% diluted human fecal water and 80% of dexamethasone 800 times or 75% chlorothalonil 600 times liquid leaching can be used to achieve fertilizer With medicine transplant.
4. Planting density: The planting density of melon differs depending on the variety, cultivation method and cultivation season. The yield per unit area of ​​small melons is composed of the number of plants per acre, the number of results per plant, and the weight of individual fruit. Proper close planting can increase yield. The large-scale melon cultivar has one fruit per plant. Its yield per unit area is composed of two factors: the number of plants per acre and the weight of a single fruit. Therefore, it should be ensured that the single fruit weight is properly planted on the basis of weight. Ground melon plants vine leaves grow on the ground, not easy to adjust plants, not close planting; shed melon is basically a plane growth, but also conducive to close planting; frame melon can use space growth, combined with plant adjustment and lead vine is conducive to close planting. At present, most of the melon cultivars cultivated in Hainan are large-scale varieties. Generally, the width of a common melon cultivar is about 350 cm (even ditch), and two rows of plants are planted. The plant spacing is 70-80 cm, and about 500 mu are planted; Plant spacing is 150 (70-80) centimeters, 550-600 acres can be planted; ground melon is generally about 400-500 centimeters wide (even ditch), double row plants, plant spacing of about 80-100 cm, acres of planting about 300 . The density of wax gourd is also related to the level of fertilizer and water management. With adequate fertilizers, convenient drainage and irrigation, and high management levels, it is important to focus on growing fruits to strive for high yields and high quality, not to be too dense. On the basis of the removal of all side vines, the main vine topping can be denser than not topping.
Five, choose the site preparation, full base fertilizer
1. The melon's root system is very developed and has a long growing period. In order to obtain higher yields, it is necessary to choose a sandy soil with rich soil layer, rich organic matter pH value of 6-6.5 to clay loam soil; at the same time, in order to avoid the winter melon seedlings cultivated in winter and spring During the period of cold wave and early spring drought, late summer rain, in order to select the north-to-south, convenient drainage and irrigation of the field is appropriate; fall and winter melon often affected by typhoon and rain, the selection of land should be easy to irrigation and drainage dry slope suitable. After the melon field is selected, deep plowing should be done as soon as possible, and the depth should be about 30 cm. The melons cultivated in winter and spring are suitable for late rice fields with convenient irrigation and irrigation.
2. After the late rice is harvested, the plow field should be sun-dried as soon as possible. After the preparation of the site, the planting rules should be planned to prepare the buckwheat noodles; then, the ridges should be ridged again, the ridge width should be 80-100 cm, the ridge height should be about 30 cm, and both sides of the ridge should be left for a long time. There is a shallow ditch to prepare for cultivating and growing ridges. The planting hole along the ridge is determined according to the spacing of the plant, the depth of the hole is about 30 cm, and the width of the hole is about 40 cm.
3. The melon has a long growing period and strong root absorption. Therefore, the base fertilizer should be applied. Basal fertilizers are generally dominated by high-quality farmyard fertilizers, with 2000 kg per mu, 30-50 kg of bean cake, and 40-50 kg of superphosphate. After the stacking, they are mixed with furrows or holes and fully mixed with the soil before sowing or sowing. Colonization.
4. For loamy soil or clay soil, if conditions permit, 30-40 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 15-20 kg of urea can be used per acre for full-scale mixed application to meet the balanced supply of nutrients. For heavy sandy soil, it should be reduced to prevent fertilizer damage.
5. Covering with plastic film to ensure high-yield and stable production of melon covered by cultivation. Because it can create superior environmental conditions such as temperature, light, water, fertilizer and soil, it promotes the growth and development of melon roots and plants, and reduces certain These pests and the cold, drought, heavy rain and other damage. Thus, a significant increase in production can be achieved. Tests have shown that spring mulching of melon mulching generally increases the yield by 30%-50% compared to open field cultivation; in severe weather conditions, sometimes the yield increases even more than 1 times.
6. Membrane cover cultivation of winter melon, the way it is generally only covered in the melon ridge. The width of the film is 80-120 cm. The colors are white, black and silver grey. The white membrane has a good warming effect, but the weeds are easy to grow. Before spraying, a pre-emergent herbicide must be sprayed. For example, butachlor or acetochlor etc., the dosage per mu is 75-100 ml, and the water is about 30. Kilograms were sprayed on the soil surface and then covered; the black film was slightly less warm, but it prevented the occurrence of weeds; the silver-gray film was able to repel aphids and reduce the occurrence and spread of viral diseases.
7.Before the film is covered, be sure to pay attention to leveling the ground, apply enough basal fertilizer, and keep the soil moist. When laminating, be sure to flatten the film and press the membrane border guard. After coating the melons, pay attention to the rooting water and cover the openings with fine soil. After that, be careful not to make the humidity inside the membrane too large, so as not to cause rooting. As long as the soil is moist when the film is covered, it is generally not necessary to water the soil within about 20 days after transplanting. After the lack of rice, furrow irrigation methods should be adopted, and only half a ditch water can be used for irrigation. VI. Pest control 1. The main unearthed trunk has been unearthed. The lodging of loquat and seedlings is the basic condition for root disease.
2. The roots of the blight are dry and dry, and the disease does not fall. The commonly used agents for the control of damping-off and damping-off are: hymexazol and preclinical; excellent pharmaceutical agents and formulas are as follows: dry grams and “Sanju” strong seedling rooting agents.
3, black spots appear between stems of anthrax, the lesions are round or oval, the center of the lesion has black dots.
The commonly used agents for the prevention and treatment of anthrax are: Shi Baogong and Shi Baoke. The outstanding pharmaceutical agents and formulas are: Jin Shi Neng + effervescent tablets (agricultural streptomycin) + eugenics.
4. The downy mildew lesions are yellow-brown, and the upward growth point of the old leaves is constantly expanding. The leaves appear chlorotic, and the moldy layer (white and black) is on the back of the leaves.
The commonly used medicaments for the control of downy mildew are: Ledomil and Kelu; excellent pharmaceutical agents and formulas are: Kecyan Cyan + Miao Ge + Jin Sambo.
5, the disease spread dark green water spots, leaves fragile, severe upper dead.
The commonly used pharmaceutical agents for preventing and curing epidemics are: Anker, Ledomir; excellent pharmaceutical agents and formulas are: pratantrin + effervescent tablets (agricultural streptomycin) + Da San Bao.
6. Fusarium was normal in the morning and the leaves and vines contracted (brown) at noon and afternoon. It was a kind of soil-borne disease and often occurred at the flowering stage.
The commonly used medicaments for controlling fusarium wilt are: Wilkins rickettsia and Mycotoxin; Excellent pharmaceutical agents and formulas are: Druck + Dr. Multi-resistance root disease + "Sanju" seedling rooting agent.
7. The greenworm mainly includes insects such as ulurus, nymphella, yellow squash, and melon flies. The outstanding medicaments and formulas for preventing and controlling green worms are: Emperor Huang Mo, Gao Lu Bao and Gao Jin.
8. The excellent agents and formulas for controlling the insects of Liriomyza sativae are: avermectin + LEGO + GAO Jin.
9. The excellent pharmaceutical preparations and formulas for controlling these pests are: fipronil, 20% sulfurin, scorpion, and 3% acetamiprid.

7. The yield of black melon wax gourd is high. During the peak period of autumn harvest, the price has plummeted due to the listing with various vegetables in the same period. If farmers can use their existing conditions to carry out the deferred storage and preservation of wax gourd, it will not only extend the sales and supply period of melon, but also greatly increase the economic benefits, and it is worth promoting and using.
1. The water content of wax gourd is high before storage, and tender melon and over ripe melon should not be stored. The standard of winter melon suitable for storage is thick skin, thick meat, dense texture, and good quality. The surface of the melon is shiny, covered with wax, and later-maturing large varieties. Ninety percent mature when picking. Before harvesting 7-10 days, the growing field should stop watering. When the weather is cool, cut it with scissors (preferably in the morning) and leave a 3- to 5-cm stalk. Handling should be carried out gently, to prevent scratches and bruises, and to prevent falling and rolling (vibration is too large, which can cause internal damage to wax gourd), resulting in considerable hidden dangers in storage.
2, the preparation of storage kiln storage The size of the storage kiln library is determined by the number of stored melon, the farmhouse self-provided kiln warehouse is about 30 square meters, can store 5000kg of melon. The construction is mostly semi-subterranean, that is, the height of the kiln room is about 3.5m, the surface is 1.8m above and below, and the kiln window is set around, and it is open to the front and the left and right to facilitate ventilation and ventilation. The kiln with such a structure has the advantages of high temperature stability, coolness, simple ventilation, easy control of dry humidity, and the like. Before the winter gourd storage 2 - 3d should be fully disinfected and disinfected, the method is: after using potassium permanganate closed smoke fumigation kiln library, and then go winter melon storage.
3. Storage methods and precautions Selection Mature wax gourd that has been carefully selected, uniform in size, and not damaged is stored or racked in the storage tank. The piled wax gourd should be covered with hay or straw curtains on the bottom of the warehouse, and then placed on the top of the melon, generally not more than 3 layers, so as not to damage the pressure injury. The storage of winter melon because of better ventilation, the corresponding better than the heap storage, shelf storage of wax gourd should also be put on the storage rack first soft materials such as hay ventilation, and then put the gourd. In the process of placing, should be placed according to the state of the melon in the field when growing, must not be wrong, it must be done how long the field, how to put the kiln, because the fruit has been adapted to its direction of gravity, storage In the direction of gravity, Gualou is not prone to laceration, and storage time can be longer. Melon is a cold-sensitive vegetable that is resistant to temperature, heat, and low temperature. If it is below 10°C, it will cause freezing injury. The suitable temperature for storage of wax gourd is 10--15°C and the relative humidity is 70%-75%. Therefore, during storage, especially when the wax gourd has just been put into the warehouse, attention should be paid to the enhancement of ventilation. When the temperature is high at noon, the storage window must be opened for ventilation, which is not only conducive to cooling and cooling, but also eliminates moisture and reduces the environmental humidity. Keep the inside of the warehouse dry. During storage of wax gourd, as long as you can grasp the temperature and humidity conditions, generally can be stored for 3 - 4 months or more.

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