Pumpkins are rich in nutrients and have a long history of planting. Since ancient times, they have been crops that farmers like to grow. Do you know the cultivation techniques of pumpkins? If you don't know, you can follow the study of Hui Nong.
Pumpkin cultivation has a long history (5000 BC). It is widely cultivated all over the world. It is one of the earliest cultivated crops of human beings. It is the most abundant, most morphological, and most variegated species of vegetables. The plant world is "the most diverse."
First, the main points of pumpkin cultivation techniques
(1) Pumpkin varieties and sowing date
1. Classification of pumpkin varieties according to the maturity period: early maturing varieties, medium maturing varieties, late maturing varieties; fruit size points: large pumpkins, small pumpkins; fruit shape points: round pumpkins, long pumpkins; use points: edible varieties, ornamental varieties, Grafted varieties.
2. The suitable sowing date of different seasons of pumpkin should be determined according to the climatic conditions, nursery facilities conditions, cultivation methods, planting period and market demand.
3, the seeding amount of pumpkin should be determined according to the germination rate, seed purity, planting density and other conditions, in addition to 10%-20% of spare seedlings to prepare for seedlings. In general, such as high seed germination rate and good purity, the seed amount is 4.5-13.5 kg per hectare (0.3-0.9 kg per acre).
4, pumpkin seedlings seedlings open field cultivation: seedling age generally 20-25 days and has 2-3 true leaves; protected cultivation: seedling age of about 30 days, at this time seedlings 3-4 true leaves. The standard of strong seedlings: 25-35 days for seedlings, about 10 cm in height, 0.4-0.5 cm in stems, and 3-4 true leaves.
(2) Cultivation techniques
Pumpkins can be broadcast live or transplanted. When the ground temperature is stable above 12 °C -13 °C, the open field is started, and the young shoots are unearthed after the frost is broken.
1. Soil preparation and fertilization
Pumpkins are not strict with soil requirements, and sandy loam and loam are most suitable. If climbing pumpkins (except zucchini), the line spacing is 2-3 meters, the plant spacing is 0.5-0.7 meters; if the frame spacing is 1.5-2 meters, the plant spacing is 0.7-1.0 meters. The row spacing of cultivated zucchini is 1.2-1.5 m, and the plant spacing is 0.7-0.9 m. Before planting the pumpkin, it should be deep-turned and applied to the manure as the base fertilizer. Generally, the base fertilizer is 2500-4000 kg per mu.
2, sowing and seedling
Pumpkin cultivation can be transplanted and transplanted, or it can be broadcast live. Seedling transplanting, first prepare the seedbed or nursery cup, pour the water, spread the seeds on the soil or sown one seed in each seedling cup. Cover the soil 2-3 cm after sowing. Keep the bed temperature or the temperature of the nursery cup at 20 ° C -25 ° C, 3-5 days to emerge. During the emergence of the pumpkin, pay attention to gently picking up the seed shell at any time to facilitate the expansion of the cotyledons. In the seedling stage, it is necessary to properly control the soil moisture and the temperature between the seedlings to prevent the seedlings from growing. In order to promote the development of pumpkin roots and facilitate seedlings, one transplant can be carried out. When the seedlings have 2-3 true leaves, they can be colonized. Live broadcast, seeding 2-3 capsules per hole, to prevent pests from eating the seeds, resulting in lack of seedlings. After replanting the seedlings, due to the inconsistent birth time of the seedlings, it is not conducive to field management and operation.
3, colonization
Due to the large differences in climate between different regions, the colonization time of pumpkins is also inconsistent. As long as the pumpkin seedlings can be protected from low temperature freezing and normal growth, they can be planted or broadcast live. Note that it should not be too deep when planting, it is appropriate to expose the cotyledons to the ground. When pouring root water, do not touch water and soil on the seedling leaves, so as not to affect the slow seedling and survival.
4. Combination of cultivating and weeding
Weeding and cultivating, from shallow to deep. Note that when weeding, do not move the seedlings and hurt the seedlings or roots. In order to promote root development, when cultivating, it is necessary to cultivate the soil. During the whole period of pumpkin growing, it is generally necessary to carry out cultivating and weeding 2-3 times. Regardless of the operation, be careful not to damage the pumpkin plants and leaves during the operation.
5. Irrigation and topdressing
After the pumpkin is planted, if the sensation is good, it is generally less water. At this stage, it should be carried out several times of cultivating, and at the same time, 800 times of liquid Jiamei dividend and Jinli should be poured to increase the ground temperature and promote root development for the benefit of growth. After stretching the vine, 15-20 cm from the root, ditch and fertilize 2-3 times, apply 500-1000 kg of decomposed manure per acre, or 15-20 kg of package fat Jiamei profit or internal potassium, with Water is applied, and 800 times of liquid Jiamei brain white gold and gold spots are sprayed 2-3 times. The application of fertilizer should be done with less application and diligence, and attention should be paid to the application of concentration to prevent the occurrence of fertilizer damage.
6, pruning and pressing
Cultivation of zucchini generally does not carry out topping and pruning. When cultivating pumpkins, sometimes the leaves are too prosperous, which may cause melons. Therefore, generally, when 6-8 pieces of true leaves appear, topping is performed to promote the occurrence of side branches. Generally, the side vines of pumpkins are left at most 3-4, leaving 3 best. If there is special cultivation demand, pruning and vines should be carried out as needed.
7, pollination
If the pumpkin is cultivated in the facility or the pumpkin is cultivated in the open field (the flowering season is rainy), artificial pollination or bee-assisted pollination can be carried out in order to increase the rate and yield of the pumpkin seat and prevent the dead buds and the dead fruit. Pumpkin flowers are open before 6 o'clock in the morning. To improve pollination efficiency and fruit setting rate, pollination should be completed before 9:00 in the morning.
Second, pests and diseases prevention and deficiency
The pests of pumpkin are mainly caused by aphids, melons and ants. They are treated with acetamiprid and cypermethrin 1000 times in time. The prevention and control of cucurbits and ants should be carried out in the morning when the dew is not dry, and the effect is better.
It can also be controlled by imidacloprid, avermectin and other agents, and the effect is good. The disease of pumpkin is mainly powdery mildew and viral disease. The occurrence of diseases directly affects the growth and development of pumpkins, resulting in shortening the growth period, reducing production, and reducing quality. Aphids are the mainstay of viral diseases. Therefore, in order to prevent and cure viral diseases, it is necessary to treat aphids first and then prevent them. Symptoms of pumpkin white powder: This disease mainly infects the leaves, and also damages the stem and petiole, which is generally not harmful. In the early stage of the disease, small white spots on the front of the leaves or on the back of the leaves are produced, and then gradually enlarged into contiguous white spots with inconspicuous edges. It seems to be sprinkled with a layer of white powder, which seriously causes the leaves to be yellow.
Pumpkin powdery mildew
Conditions for powdery mildew: pumpkins grown in open field, when the humidity in the field is relatively high, the temperature is between 16 ° C and 24 ° C, powdery mildew is very popular, under high temperature and dry conditions, the condition is suppressed; in greenhouses, plastic greenhouses Conditions that cause greater humidity and lack of air circulation are also suitable for the occurrence of powdery mildew, and often occur earlier and more severely than the onset of pumpkin.
Extensive cultivation and management, fertilization, irrigation, discomfort, especially partial nitrogen fertilizer, easy to cause plants to grow. The branches and leaves are too dense, the ventilation is poor, the humidity between the plants is large, the light is insufficient, and the plants are weak, which is also conducive to the occurrence of diseases.
Control measures: mainly use disease-resistant varieties and strengthen cultivation management; prevent high temperature and drought or high temperature and high humidity; spray powder rusting emulsifiable concentrate 2000 times liquid, or spray acetaminophen, antibacterial special control.
Pumpkin anthracnose
Symptoms: Mainly harmful to the fruit, no diseased leaves and stems have been found to be infected. The fruit infection mainly occurs on the mature or mature fruit, and the light green water-stained spots appear at first, and then become dark brown depression spots, which gradually enlarge, and the lesions are cracked. When the humidity is high, the middle part of the lesions produces pink. Sticky substance.
Control methods: use disease-resistant varieties; select disease-free species; apply decomposed organic fertilizer, implement rotation; strengthen temperature and humidity management; use smoke method in greenhouse cultivation; use 45% chlorothalonil, 250 grams per mu, Smoked once every 9-11 days, about 3 times in a row; can be controlled by 1000 times of anti-bacterial agents.
Pumpkin blight
Symptoms: Damage to leaves, stems and fruits. The leaves are infected, the lesions are initially brown, round or nearly round, with micro-wheels on them. Infected with vines, the lesions are elliptical to long fusiform, taupe, brown at the edges, sometimes overflowing with amber resinous gums, and in severe cases, vines are formed, resulting in fruit not long. When the fruit is infected, it forms a nearly round gray-white spot with brown edges. At the beginning of the disease, irregular chlorotic or yellow round spots are formed, and then gray to brown or black. Finally, the bacteria enter the skin to cause dry rot, and some saprophytic bacteria Intrusion by the aircraft causes wet rot, which is harmful to the whole fruit.
Control method: select rotation; select disease-free seeds; apply full-fertilized farmyard fertilizer in time to apply high-potassium and high-calcium package fertilizer Jiamei profit or internal potassium to enhance plant disease resistance and stress resistance; spray at the initial stage of 75% Corning (chlorocide) wettable powder 600 times solution or 1000 times of toxic drug manganese zinc.
Pumpkin downy mildew
Symptoms: Mainly harmful to the leaves. After the primary greenish green, it turns yellow spots, which are restricted by the veins. When the humidity is high, the light gray and sparse flora can be seen on the back of the leaves.
Control method: use resistant varieties; can spray 1000-1500 times of toxic myricium manganese zinc, 70% ethyl phosphorus zinc manganese 500 times liquid, 64% anti-virus WP WP 400-500 times liquid.
Pumpkin disease
Symptoms: stems, leaves, and fruits can be infected. The stem and vine are infected, the diseased part is sunken, it is water-soaked, it becomes thinner and softer, and the diseased part is dead, and the white mold layer is produced in the diseased part. Leaf disease, primary round dark water stains, soft rot, drooping, grayish brown when dry, easy to crack. When the fruit is infected, the water stains are dark to dark green spots at the beginning of life, and then rapidly spread, and white mold is produced in the diseased part. After 2-3 days or days, the fruit is softly rotted, and some waxy on the surface of the mature fruit. In the production, the insect wound at the bottom of the fruit is most susceptible to disease.
Control methods: clean the pastoral, deep turn the land, rotate, advocate rotation or sorghum cultivation; use resistant varieties; increase the application of organic activation nutrition package Feijiamei dividend, Hailibao, reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer, improve disease resistance; strengthen field management; Watering and spraying 75% metalaxyl 800+1000 times the zinc solution, 61% ethyl phosphine manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times.
 Deficiency
The symptoms of pumpkin deficiency are very similar to those of viral diseases, resulting in errors in production and increased production costs.
1. Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency: the leaves of the plants are small, the new leaves are light green, and slowly turn yellow from bottom to top. First, the yellow veins between the veins; the flower is less than the fruit, and the fruit is swollen slowly.
The reason is mainly due to the fact that the application of organic fertilizer is too small in the early operation, the nitrogen content of the soil is reduced or the nitrogen element is washed away by the rain; in addition, the large amount of nitrogen is reduced in the soil, and the nitrogen deficiency is also prone to occur in the case of no fertilizer. .
Control method: According to the demand of pumpkin, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micro-fertilizer, apply decomposed organic fertilizer to prevent nitrogen deficiency. Nitrate nitrogen can be applied under low temperature conditions; when nitrogen deficiency symptoms occur in the field, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to the roots immediately, or foliar application.
2, iron deficiency symptoms: the new leaves of the plant, the axillary buds turn yellow and white, especially the upper leaves, the leaves near the growth point and the new leaves are yellowed, then gradually lose green; the tip of the leaves is necrotic, and the whole leaves are light. Yellow or white, the tip of the vein is chlorotic, small brown spots appear, the tissue is easy to be necrotic, and the color is not bright.
Reason: In the alkaline soil, excessive application of phosphorus leads to iron deficiency; when there are too many elements such as copper and manganese in the soil, it will affect the absorption and utilization of iron by pumpkin, and iron deficiency will also occur.
Control method: soil pH should be maintained between 6-6.5, lime can be applied, but not excessive, to avoid soil becoming alkaline; soil should not be too dry or too wet; spray 0.3% aqueous solution of ferrous sulfate on the foliage.
3. Symptoms of zinc deficiency: The leaves are small and clustered. The spots appear on both sides of the main vein. The main stems are shortened. The leaves are small and dense, the branches are excessive, the plants are dwarfed, and the leaves begin to fade. The edges of the leaves are yellow. It gradually turns brown, the leaves are dead, and the leaves appear slightly eversion or curl.
Cause: Zinc deficiency symptoms are prone to occur when the light is too strong or excessive phosphorus is absorbed. If the soil pH is too high, even if there is enough zinc in the soil, it is not easily dissolved or absorbed.
Control method: Do not apply excessive phosphorus in the soil, but selectively apply acid fertilizer to reduce the pH value of the soil. The field can apply about 1.5 kg of zinc sulfate per acre or 0.2% zinc sulfite solution.
In the Xiaobian network Xiaobian view, the pumpkin is widely used, can be porridge, can be cooked, can be a snack, the so-called whole body is treasure, so the above pumpkin cultivation techniques points you remember to collect, learn to ensure high yield!
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