What are the genus Raspberry Rubus L.?
A: It is a perennial woody plant of the genus Rubus of the family Rosaceae. In the fruit tree taxonomy is a berry raspberry fruit tree. Upright or axillary, shrub or subshrub. Wild species are distributed in China in a wide variety of areas and there are more than 200 species. Botany commonly known as raspberry, commonly known as the tray (North China), Marin (Northeast), thorny berry (Yangtze River), cranberry (South China).
Cultivar red raspberry is divided into single-berry and double-berry. Some varieties (mostly double-berry) bear fruits after transplanting. Some varieties (mostly single-berry) have fruit for the second year. The third year entered the full fruit period. According to the differences in species, site conditions, climate, and management levels, fresh fruit production is generally between 500 and 1200 kg.
Second, how long is the cultivation history?
Answer: Earlier in foreign countries. European fruit cultivation began in 1548 and was introduced into the Americas in the 18th century. 18th century Moscow suburbs also have raspberry cultivation. The Russian Federation, Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have large production. It has been cultivated in China for about 70 years. It was brought by the Russians from the coast of the Far East, and it was cultivated in Shihezi, Yimpo, and Er'ershan in Shangzhi County, Heilongjiang Province. In the 1980s, there were some developments in Jiangsu, Shandong, and Liaoning. Only in recent years has a certain area been planted.
What is the difference between raspberry and strawberry?
A: Strawberries are perennial herbs and they are small. The raspberry is a sprawling shrub for many years, up to $2~$2. The common characteristic is that the fruit is bright, soft and juicy, and has a unique flavor. Judging from the appearance of fruit, it is vegetatively known as aggregating fruit and cultivated as berries. The economic benefits of raspberry are high, and the ecological benefits are also significant. It is suitable for scattered cultivation of farmyards and hillsides, wild slopes, and also suitable for intensive management. There are upright, semi-upright, and squat type. There are two kinds of thorns and no thorns. After the one-year-old seedlings are planted, some varieties will have flowering results in the current year and some varieties in the following year, and they will enter the full fruit period in 3 to 5 years, and their economic life can reach 20 years. The raspberry flower is beautiful and beautiful, it can beautify the environment, maintain water and soil, and has good economic, ecological and social benefits.
What are the best cultivars in the world?
A: There are many varieties. Simply introduce several good varieties:
(A), Raspberry (Raspberry)
(1) Heritage: Upright double-season berry, ripe in autumn, medium in fruit weight, fruit weight about $2, bright red, strong aroma, strong roots, high yield (USA).
(2) Tulameen: Upright single-season berry, approximately $2, with strong fruit, bright color, few roots, strong growth, high yield, and cold resistance (USA).
(3) Orus: A semi-quadruple double-berry, good fruit, fresh food, high yield (United States).
(4) Summit: Double cranberries, hard, delicious, high-yield, easy to pick, preserve, store and transport, mature in late August (United States).
(5) Willamette: High-yield and early-maturing, fruit with sweet and sour, fruit round, dark red, medium hardness. The tree is strong and strong (United States).
(6) American No. 22: Fruit is big, disease-resistant, sweet and sour, and poor in root (U.S.).
(7) Fertodi, Amotos: Double-crocuses, half pods, very strong growth, strong resistance, high yield, suitable soil and water conservation, returning farmland to forests (Europe).
(8) Malling Erploit: single-season red raspberry, large fruit, slightly cylindrical, sweet and sour taste, strong ability to root (Europe).
(9) Hatame Blix: Double quinoa (Europe).
(10) The European No. 1 (EQ-1#) stands upright, has no thorns, and is very strong (Europe).
(11) Chilcati: The summer cranberry, from Canada, is an excellent fresh food species with light red color. It is suitable for planting in North China, Northwest China, and Northeast China. The average fruit weight is $2.
(12) Chilliwack: The summer fruit-type raspberry, from Canada, is hard and dense, with strong flavor, high yield, fresh food, and high sugar content. It can develop in the northeast, northwest, and north China.
(13) Meercr: Red berry of summer fruit type, the main cultivars in Washington, USA, with bright red fruit, average fruit weight of $2, good flavor, fresh food and processing, suitable for development in North China and Northeast China.
(14) Ruby: Autumn cranberry, Oregon, USA, average fruit weight $2, strong plants, resistant to more viscous soil, is an excellent processing species, can be planted in the northeast, north, northwest.
(b) Yellowberry
(15) Fall Gold: Autumn fruit yellowberry, from New York, sweet, fresh food species, the average weight of $2.
(c) Purpleberry
(16) Rouyal: The purple-berry type of summer fruit, New York, USA, is a large fruit with an average weight of $2. It is purple-red and resistant to locusts. It is suitable for planting in North China, Northeast China, and South China. Its yield is high.
(D) Blackberry
(17) Shawnee: Upright, early to mid-maturing, fruity, sweet and sour, suitable for processing, strong resistance, medium yield (United States).
(18) Kiowa: Upright, mid-maturing varieties with good taste and fruit weight of about $2. (US).
(19) Chester: Upright, American cultivar, fruit weight approximately $2, high yield, suitable for processing (United States).
(20) Hull: No thorns, upright, about $2, sweet and sour, high yield, suitable for processing (USA).
(21) Waldo: åŒåŒ type, cultivated hybrids in recent years, fruit weight of about $ 2, high yield, should be processed (United States).
(22) Siskiyou: åŒåŒ type, fruit large oval, fruit acidity, high yield, suitable processing (United States).
(23) Silvan: Upright, weighing approximately $2, late-maturing varieties, suitable for processing (United States).
(24) Marlon: Upright, fast-growing, robust, with a weight of approximately $2, both fresh and processed (United States).
(25) Boysen: Fruit is thornless, maroon, fruit is sweet, fragrant, fresh or processed, and can be as low as $2 (US).
(26) Blackbuttle: Large fruit precocious, barbed, pod-type, fruity, sweet and sour, November ripe (United States).
(27) Thornfree: Blackberry (Europe).
(28) Navaho: Non-thorny blackberry is the best fresh food in the blackberry. The fruit is small and the average fruit weight is $2.
(29)Shwnll: Barbed blackberry, Arkansas, USA, fruitful, high-yield, with an average fruit weight of $2, stems and thorns, inconvenience management, but high yield, strong growth.
(30) TyipleCrow: Thornless Blackberry, the most hardy species from the United States and blackberries. High-yield, disease-resistance, and flavor triple crown.
Among the above varieties, cranberries such as Tolmi, Someth, Itos, Winamet, Aurice and other species have performed more prominently in China; Blackberry Kaeva, Poké, Winter The taste and output of Furui and Hebout are superior to those of Chester and Hull.
5. What are the functions and uses?
A: In addition to being rich in fructose, vitamins, amino acids, fragrant flavor, sweet and sour, there are three major health-care functions: First, the body's absorbable plant SOD (superoxide dismutase) ranks first among all fruits. Regular consumption can remove oxygen free radicals, improve immunity, beauty, and anti-aging; Second, the natural anti-carcinogenic substance "Thallus acid" content exceeds the top of the blueberry in all kinds of edible foods, cancer of the colon, cervix, breast and pancreas Has a special effect; Third, rich in natural aspirin "salicylic acid", analgesic antipyretic, anti-blood coagulation, can also reduce the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebral thrombosis. Can be used for jams, juices, fruit wines and other beverages and foods. Can also be used for food additives, such as various snacks, yogurt, ice cream and so on.
Six, introduction need to pay attention to what?
Answer: To find a high reputation nursery stock units, introduce good varieties. We have noticed that some species have been introduced in the society (such as Australia Red, Han Dahong, Red Sun, Fairy Red, Shuangfenghong, Xia Xi, Qian Cheng, Balsam, etc.). Because the source is unknown, and there is no national variety identification, coupled with the color, size, acidity, sweetness, hardness, etc. are in line with the needs of the international market, remains to be tested. Do not blindly introduce. From the perspective of scientific research and experimentation, we advocate "combination and integration", do more variety comparisons, and select superior development; from the perspective of large-scale planting and promotion, our principle is to plant internationally recognized mature varieties with large cultivated area in Europe and America. Pay attention to the selection and collocation of varieties, mainly fresh foods, should choose fruit large and correct, bright color, sweet and delicious, good quality varieties. The varieties used for processing should be selected for tough peels, high soluble solids content, less vitamin loss during processing, and good color retention.
7. What areas can the raspberry be suitable for?
A: Raspberry is widely distributed in the world and in China, with the most extensive subtropical and temperate regions. In China, the main cultivated varieties are introduced as temperate species, from Heilongjiang and Xinjiang to the north of the Yangtze River and high altitude areas south of the Yangtze River. Most of the regions can be planted. In the northern Maowusu desert, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xinjiang, Suizhong, Hubei, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang, all have been successfully tested. Different regions, the choice of varieties should be different. Cranberries, also known as hollow berry, mature, fruit and torus separated, the fruit was capped. Suitable for cold regions, generally able to endure the low temperature of -20oc ~ -30oc; Blackberry, also known as solid raspberry, mature, fruit and receptacle are not separated. Compared with the hot summer environment, some varieties can tolerate the low temperature of -17oc.
Eight, how to build a garden site selection raspberry?
Answer: 1. The best climatic conditions for Cranberries are cooler in summer and less rain in harvest season. If early summer, windy, dry, can inhibit the growth of stems. Overheating when the fruit matures can cause the fruit to soften and lose its color and burn. In some areas, accompanied by the cold winter of dry winds, the above-ground parts will “plot†and dry up. Blackberry is more suitable for summer hot environment, generally 300 to 600 hours of dormancy. The adaptability to air humidity and soil moisture is stronger than that of red berry, which is more suitable for warm winter climate, but the cold resistance is weak in winter.
2. The soil raspberry is a light-rooted, light-loving plant. It must be planted on flat or gently sloped land with good drainage and no obstructions. The groundwater level should be below $2. The mountainous area should be planted in shallow mountains and sunny slopes. The best soil is fertile sandy loam and the pH is neutral or slightly acidic. Some varieties, in the clay, or about pH 8.5 can also be suitable, but have a certain impact on the good development, the rate of results.
3. Soils previously grown with potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, and strawberries are not suitable for planting raspberries because some germs may be present in these soils and cause fruit damage.
Nine, how to repair the raspberry land?
Answer: 1. Planting raspberries in old mountain orchard or agricultural wasteland. The wall collapse of the mantle is to be trimmed before the land is leveled.
2. Clear all kinds of remaining fruit trees in the garden and thoroughly remove roots, weeds, and exposed stones.
3. Apply 3 to $2 per acre of cooked manure or farmyard manure; if conditions are available, organic fertilizer with fulvic acid as the main raw material and a small amount of compound fertilizer (reduction of 50%) should be used. Sprinkle deeper, smoother, and ridged. Ridge width $2 ~ $2, high $2 ~ $2, ridge spacing is generally $2 ~ $2. Roughly furrows. In particular, pay attention to the smooth drainage of the ditch to prevent it from rot. It is best to take sterilizing measures: Mix it with the appropriate amount of carbendazim (or thiophanate-methyl) in the manure, and throw it into the ground.
How to plant raspberry seedlings?
A: The raspberry can be planted in spring in Beijing, and it can be planted in spring before the seedlings are thawed in the soil (from mid-March to early April). The soil temperature of $2 to $2 is stable above 10 oc for the suitable period for spring planting. It is better to plant autumn till the soil is frozen (from October to November) after lignification. During the second period, early planting is preferred. The seedlings lose less water and are easy to survive. They will germinate earlier in the spring and grow faster. It is best to control one month before the soil is frozen, but it is easy to “plot†seedlings in the autumn in the north. The ground part is cut to $2~$2, and it is buried in the winter after being planted in autumn. According to the local precipitation. With plenty of rain, open holes in the ridges; with less rain, open holes in the ridges, spacing is usually $2$2 (or $2$2), and 330 acres are planted. Flat planted hole, the depth and width of each hole $2. The soil is more fertile, and the density can be properly reduced; the soil is relatively poor and the density can be appropriately increased. The raspberry field can be planted in rows and other points, and can also be planted in large and small rows, with $2 for large rows, 0.6 for small rows, $2 spacing between rows, and 600 to 1,000 plants per mu. The roots of the seedlings were soaked in water for 12-24 hours to ensure sufficient moisture in the seedlings. Add organic compound fertilizer $2 into the hole and mix it with the soil, so that the root system is stretched and planted, and the shallow roots are deeply buried. The roots and stems are flush with the surface, and the water is poured on the ground. After the water is infiltrated, a layer of evacuated topsoil is covered. In order to shorten the period of seedling sowing and improve the survival rate, it is necessary to diligently pour water and water less to keep the soil moist. With bonsai seedlings, under the condition of shade nets and keeping the soil moist, it can also be planted in variable seasons. Anhui Province, Luan City, Mr. $2 Mr. Dianxiang base $2 introduced 20,000, due to proper measures, the survival rate reached 98%. In order to improve the unit's efficiency, the soil is more fertile, and some shaded low crops (generally less than $2) can be interplanted between rows. Such as peanuts, leafy vegetables, cabbage, radish and so on.
Eleventh, how to set up lead?
Answer: For ventilation, when the shoots exceed $2, try to get the lead. Set a column at a distance of 5~$2 in the row, set it to a height of $2, make a crossbar, and pull two wire wires. The upper wire is fixed at the top of the column. The lower wire is $2 from the $2 floor, adjustable to fan the branches. Iron wire can be tied. In the first three years, you can simply make a transition from a bamboo $2 pole. The second year after planting, depending on the height of the plant, it is necessary to build a scaffold.
Twelve, raspberry branches how to trim?
A: The pruning is generally divided into four times: the first time the pruning is during planting, after the seedlings are alive, the dense and weak branches and broken branches must be cut off; the second time is the pruning of the basal branches (that is, the new shoots of the year). . For the plants with too few shoot densities, the heart was picked up to promote the sprouting of the lateral shoots. With more branches, 6-8 strains of strong basal branches per plant were selected and the rest were cut off; the third time was when the branches grew to about $2, picking the top, controlling shoot growth, and promoting the results; the fourth trimming. After the fruit is harvested, it must be trimmed off the resulting mother tree.
XIII. How to manage fertilizer and water?
A: The first time is from flowering to young fruit formation, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main; the second time after fruit formation, phosphorus and potassium are the main factors; Shiji fertilizer should be in the early autumn, mainly rotted farmyard fertilizers. Add appropriate amount of organic fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mixed with the soil from the 40-$2 side of the plant. When using chemical fertilizers, the soil should have sufficient moisture, and the fertilizer can be applied to the $2 side of the plant for about $2. Spray foliar fertilizer during fruiting period. Experts suggest that the use of forestry fertilizers and microbiological fertilizers as the main method and supplemented by chemical fertilizers are beneficial to high yields and improved soils, and improve fruit quality and sweetness. To achieve pollution-free, green food standards, it is best not to use chemical fertilizers. Ancient methods can be used: for example, soaked soybean (reduced cost) soaked with boiled water (prevent budding) to swell (perishable), mixed with phosphorus, potassium, and bactericidal ash with bactericidal action, at a distance of $2 from the plant. An annular groove, point 10 to 20 beans, increase fertility.
The raspberry is hi moist, drought-tolerant, and water-resistant. When the drought is watered, the soil moisture is 60% and the depth can reach $2. Watering time in summer is best to choose after the temperature drops at 4pm. The principle is that the drought can be poured, and the water can be discharged. Pour frozen water before wintering in the north.
14. How to loosen the soil and scab?
A: The raspberry is a shallow rooted plant that is pleasant and airy. To prevent soil compaction during the seedling period, it is necessary to work hard on the topsoil. Especially sticky soil, after rain, after irrigation, must be loosened.
Artificial grazing is used to make early leave, diligence, and avoid grass shortage. Between seedlings and seedlings, artificial grasses are mainly used. Between the line and the line, in order to improve efficiency, small machinery can be used, with a depth of about $2, ie loose soil and grass. Manual weeding should be preserved for grasses with short dwarf lines, which have advantages over disadvantages and increase efficiency. If you want to raise seedlings, pay special attention to soil and weeding. Do not injure the root buds. Herbicides are used with caution, especially at the seedling stage, and herbicides are prohibited. It is possible to kill the surviving seedlings.
Such as the summer solstice, mud, etc., while planting high-protein legume grass between the rows, such as alfalfa, white clover, etc., can make natural enemies in the useful weeds occur earlier than the pest 1 to 2 generations. When pests occur on raspberries, their natural enemies can control their development. By June, the beneficial weeds had "completed their missions." They died. The natural enemies of these pests were transferred to legumes and continued breeding, so that pests could not be fully developed and would not be harmed.
15. What are the disasters? How to prevent?
(I) Diseases
Raspberry is more disease resistant and less harmful. Mainly stalk rot, followed by powdery mildew.
1, stem rot. Generally occurred in the new shoots, first from the new tip of the sun surface near the ground there appears a dark gray like burn-like lesions, with the extension of the disease, the leaves, petioles turn yellow, withered, and the whole plant withered when severe.
Control methods: During the growth period, spraying thiophanate-methyl 500 times for 2 or 3 times to prevent; in the autumn, sweeping the garden, the diseased branches will be cut and burned to eliminate the pathogens.
2, powdery mildew. Diseased leaves covered with a layer of white powder, causing the leaves to distort or curl; sometimes the leaves do not appear white powder, and the performance of the leaves have water-soaked spots; the tip of the new shoot is slender rat tail. In severe cases, the shoots grow dwarf and the fruit sometimes invades.
Control methods: During the growth period, spray 2% agricultural anti-120 water agent 150 to 200 times liquid, or 25% triadimefon 1000 to 1500 times liquid 2 to 3 times to prevent; autumn sweeping the garden, the sick leaves diseased branches cut concentrated burning Eliminate pathogens.
(b) Insect pests
1. Willow bat moth. The eggs begin to hatch in May. The larvae feed on the phloem outside the borehole. Most of them circulate for a week. The chips are crushed, and the feces are stuck together with silk to make them easy to find and identify. The victim's branches are easily broken and die.
Control methods: May to July in the active larvae spraying pyrethroids 2 to 3 times, control pests; damaged branches before the October feathering destroyed.
2, raspberry piercing the moth. Major hazards to red raspberries
The autumn larvae plucked into the buds, fed the inside of the buds, and then drilled into the raspberry shoots. The shoots soon died.
Control methods: spraying pyrethroids to kill larvae in the early leaf development stage; clearing the garden in the autumn, cutting the resulting mother branches and burning them to eliminate pathogens.
Diseases and insect pests should be based on the actual situation in the local area, using highly efficient, pollution-free, pesticides that meet the standards of green food, and be handled in a flexible and timely manner.
The insects are trapped using the great "interest" of light, wave, color, and sex hormones. Each lamp can control about $2 of fruit trees. This physical action kills insects, greatly reduces environmental pollution, and becomes an important means of controlling pesticide residues in the construction of pollution-free fruit production bases.
(c) Natural disasters
1, Sunburn. The cranberries are cultivated in northern China, and their cold resistance is strong, and they are not vulnerable to the late frost and early frost. However, in the July to August when the fruit matures, it is the high temperature and rainy season in the north of China. The fruit can suffer from sunburn, and the general inflorescence The apex of 1 to 2 fruit is easily victimized.
Control methods: The basal branches should not be cut too long, and the resulting density of the mother branches should be adjusted so that the fruits should not be directly exposed to sunlight.
2, hail. In northern China, hail often occurs during the vigorous growth of raspberry from June to August, and severe harvesting will result in serious damage.
Prevention methods: Avoid the establishment of a place that is prone to hailstorms all the year round; actively transform natural conditions and create shelter forests.
16. How do raspberries actually be picked and stored and transported?
When the raspberry begins to mature, pick it up in time. Raspberry berries are soft and juicy, and they are picked by hand.
To prepare tools, usually use small plastic buckets. A soft belt is tied around the waist of the staff. The bucket is hung on the waist with a hook. Generally, it hangs 2 to 4 pieces, and it is picked in both hands and placed in a light bucket. After delivery, it will be sent to the storage and transportation office in time. The storage and transportation office must have a dedicated tray, put a layer of plastic wrap on the tray, and pour the raspberry into the tray and pave 1-2 layers. Pick out the fresh fruits and treat them separately.
Usually after the first picking of 7-8 days, the fruit matured in large quantities, and it was later picked every 1 to 3 days. It is required to avoid the rainy weather during picking, and to start picking when the dew is dry. Fresh fruits are often rejected because they are easily rotted.
Raspberry can be stored at room temperature for 1 to 2 days, 0oc to 3oc can be stored for 4 to 5 days. If raspberries cannot be listed on the same day, they must be cleaned, sterilized, frozen, packaged, stored or deep-processed.
17. How to breed and store raspberry seedlings?
Answer: Reproduction
(A), cutting propagation (Blackberry)
The conditions for drainage and irrigation are better, the soil layer is deeper (the cultivated layer is not less than $2), and the neutral or slightly acidic sandy soil is used as a nursery site. Apply high-quality soil miscellaneous fertilizer $2 per acre before cultivating land. Sterilize the pests and plough them into plows with a width of $2 and a ridge width of about $2. In the greenhouse, seedlings can be used 30% of rotted leaves, 30% of river sand, and 40% of pastoral soil. After being sterilized and sterilized, the greenhouses are tiled to a thickness of $2 to create a rake with a width of about $2.
1, tender cuttings
The half-woody twigs that grew full of buds without disease and pests were cut into cuttings with 2-3 buds (about $2). The cuttings at the lower end of the cuttings were from the bud position $2 and the upper clippings were from the bud position 3 to $2. It is advisable to cut obliquely at the lower incision, to be smooth and not torn, otherwise it will affect rooting and survival. 500-1000/ppm NAA treatment (different types, different processing time, flexible control in practical operation), rinse, disinfect with disinfectant (carbendazim, lime sulfur, etc.), and insert obliquely in greenhouses or greenhouses. When the cuttings, pay attention to the bud upwards, and do not insert them. The upper buds should be exposed to the ground $2 ~ $2, the direction is consistent flush, the cutting density 300 ~ 400 sticks /?, after the cuttings spray with automatic timing spray device, keep the temperature 15oc ~ 20oc, 5 ~ It takes 7 weeks to take root.
2. Hardwood cutting
In the late autumn (at the end of November), 8 to 12 knots are cut into one, and each 50 to 100 roots are bundled. After identifying the species, collection time and place, they are stored in moist sand and overwintered. The storage temperature is generally -1 oc. 3oc, sand moisture (water content) is appropriate in the range of 4% to 8%. When the temperature reaches about 14oc can be cut. The seedlings were watered the day before the cuttings. Specific operation with 1. Density is controlled at 20 to 30 strains, and attention is paid to weeding and weeding.
(B), layering (Blackberry)
1, stem tip
In June-August, in the high temperature and rainy season, the tip of the shoot was buried vertically in the soil from $2 to $2 to keep the soil moist. After 30 days, roots could be cut. Branches could be cut and the seedlings could become independent seedlings.
2, horizontal pressure
In the period of June-August, during the high temperature and rainy season, a shallow ditch was formed along the extension direction of the basal branches, and the entire branches were bent in the ditch. The soil was fixed at every $2, and the leaves were not completely covered. Keeping the soil in the buried soil moist, 30 days later, rooting under the axilla leaves and cutting it in the rear will make it an independent seedling.
(three), organizational training
1, material selection. A robust, disease-free shoot was selected as the original culture material.
2, material processing. Disinfect the surface with diacyl (containing mercury) and then wash it with sterile distilled water for 4-5 times. Cut the tip of the explant in the aseptic operating box by $2~$2. Inoculate the disinfected medium. on.
3, medium. Using MS medium, the main components are: inorganic salts 0.5mg/L, vitamin B1 0.5/L, vitamin B6 0.5mg/L, alkaline acid 0.5mg/L, ascorbic acid 1.0mg/L, inositol 100mg/L, sucrose $2/L, agar $2/L, 6-benzyl purine 0.5-5.0 mg/L, pH adjusted to 5.5-5.6 (modulated with 0.1 N NaOH). After bottling, autoclave sterilization at 0.9 atm for 15 to 20 minutes.
4, training process. It can be divided into three phases. The first stage is cultured in vitro and then transferred to the flask with a capacity of 100 ml or the glass cylinder with a capacity of 200 ml to 250 ml as the stem tissue develops. Light intensity 3000 to 5000 Lux, lighting 16 hours during the day. In the second stage, rooting is induced. The rooting medium is the removal of 6-benzyl purine which prevents rooting of the explants in the original culture medium, and MS medium is added to halve the dilution to stimulate raspberry rooting. Good performance.
5. Transplantation. After rooting, the plants were transplanted to a mixed matrix of soil, sand, and peat (1:1:1) that had been sterilized for one hour at a temperature of 80 oc. After transplanting, the plantlets are planted after 1 to 2 months, and new shoots are sent to the field for cultivation.
(d) Root Propagation (Raspberries)
Every year, many small seedlings are produced near the root of red raspberry. In order to increase the amount of root crops, appropriate root cuttings can be carried out at a distance of approximately $2 from the mother's body to promote root shoots. When the root seedlings grow to 0.8 ~ 1m, they must be picked up to suppress the growth of the root part of the root seedlings and promote root growth. It can be transplanted by digging it in the autumn before it is frozen. The remaining roots should be protected during the winter. Flat nursery grounds, Tim Ping dug seedlings, covered with straw or straw, a large number of root seedlings can be sprouted the following year. Those with less seedlings and seedlings are mostly high-yielding varieties that are suitable for Wotian development and processing of tree berries. More support (such as mountain berries), suitable for barren mountain governance, returning farmland to forests.
(E), non-in vitro proliferation
Use one leaf and one bud to grow seedlings in special equipment. This technology investment is small and quick. Is in the experimental phase.
Storage and transportation
Before the soil freezes, dig out the seedlings suitable for excavation. After digging, the seedlings should be cut to a length of $2 to $2. The seedlings excavated should be planted on seedlings if they want to spend the winter. The prosthetic method is to open a false planting ditch, and the direction is determined according to local conditions, but it is necessary to avoid the wind and go sunny. Place the roots of the seedlings downwards in the ditch. Subsequent soil immersion is used to make the seedlings (especially the root system) closely connect with the soil and prevent water loss in the root system. Each variety is tagged to prevent miscellaneousness; if it is to be transferred, 50 strains are bundled into one bundle and each item is marked with a mark. In the root with wet straw, sawdust and other mixed moisturizing, and then wrapped in plastic film roots waterproof loss, and finally packed with woven bags and other things, can be transported. Before dispatching seedlings, they should be sterilized and disinfected as required. Bare root seedlings should be transported before or during germination of the root system; leaf seedlings should be transported with soil.
18. How do raspberry shoots survive winter?
Answer: Before entering the winter season (in the middle of November in Beijing), after cutting off the resulting mother trees, all other branches should be buried in the cold and overwintering. Irrigation once before filling with water. First soil at the base to avoid crushing branches and pushing down the raspberry in one direction. Strictly soil the entire plant to avoid wind penetration. Generally, the soil is about $2, and the cold area can be covered with $2; it can also use plastic film and straw. Rod cover. In the spring of the next year, it should not be too late to withdraw the soil. When the temperature of l$2 is stabilized at 4$2 after the late frost, the soil will be removed. When the absolute low temperature is higher than -$2, winterization treatment is not required.
Nineteen, how to use the membrane drip irrigation technology?
A: It should be implemented in areas with low rainfall, low water resources, and low temperatures in spring. Can increase production, reduce labor costs, increase productivity, save water, save fertilizer and prevent drought. The average cost of facilities per mu is between 00 yuan and 500 yuan.
The distance between the pipes depends on the soil type, which is usually $2~$2. The depth is $2. Each irrigation time is about 3 to 6 hours. According to the weather, decide the number of irrigation. Drip irrigation has special water storage facilities and fertilizer inlets. (Using pollution-free, green food standards) fertilizers are brought in with water, which greatly increases labor efficiency. The simple method is to hang the waste plastic bottles (one per plant) on a simple rack and transfer water through the hose at the top.
20. How can winter greenhouses be planted?
Answer: For the seedlings to be listed early in the off-season and raise prices, they can be planted in the greenhouse.
The greenhouse is first sterilized. The planting method is similar to that of Daejeon, and the density can be appropriately increased. Planting distance can be used for $2$2, 555 per acre planting; seedling nursery can have a maximum density of $2$2.
Management method: Before the autumn seedlings are planted in the shed, the temperature must be below 20°C for 7 days to let the raspberry go through the dormancy period. Then the greenhouse was sealed and the temperature was maintained at 15 to 20 oc (optimum growth temperature 25 oc). In general, from March to April of the following year, the results can be blossomed. Other management methods with Daejeon.
21. How to grow potted raspberries?
A: The purpose, planting location and management method are the same as greenhouse planting.
To choose large pots with caliber $2 or more. One pot per pot, and changing pots every spring or fall, and planting raspberries for more than 3 years to replace the vats with caliber $2 to $2. The roots of the plants should have enough basal fertilizers. In-basin soil configuration: 40% of leaf rot, 10% of river sand, and 50% of pastoral soil make the soil slightly acidic.
When the plant height is $2, it can be pruned and pruned, promote multi-branch development, and prevent roots from lodging too long. With plant height $2, with flowers and fruits for the best time to market.
Answers to the above technical points are summary of our preliminary practice and are for reference only. Growers can synthesize expert opinions and explore better technical measures.
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