Fundamental concepts of freshwater fish farming Freshwater fish farming involves the introduction of fingerlings into a body of water with a certain amount of rearing or management, or the reproduction and protection of fish resources in the body of water in order to obtain high yield fish production. At present, there are more than 30 species of freshwater fish culture in China. According to the characteristics of farmed fish, water conditions, and aquaculture measures, freshwater fish farming is divided into the following ways:
According to the requirements for water temperature of farmed fish, the classification is as follows: warm-water fish breeding, general water temperature is 15_30 °C, such as carp, grass carp, razor clams, clams, cockroaches, and head louse; cold water freshwater fish farming: general optimum temperature is 10_20 °C, such as rainbow trout, small scale fish, etc.; hot water fish culture: general optimum temperature is 18_30 °C, such as tilapia, freshwater whitefish and so on.
2. According to the aquaculture water conditions, types and specifications of fish culture, types of waters, and aquaculture measures, freshwater fish culture is divided into the following ways:
a. Still water fish farming and running water fish farming
b. Monoculture, polyculture and nesting
c. Pond fish farming, rice field fish farming, river fish farming, lake fish farming, reservoir fish farming, cage fish farming, fence and fence fish farming, and factory fish farming.
d. intensive, semi-intensive, extensive culture, etc.
The following is an important part of the pond fish culture technology.
Pond fish farming Fish farming is a method of fish farming used in most parts of China. At present, the production accounts for more than 60% of freshwater fish farming. It has the characteristics of small investment, large profits, quick results, and stable production.
Fish pond condition area: General fish pond area is 5_10 mu, which is easy to manage. Pro-fish ponds, fry pools, fish ponds are suitable for 3_5 mu.
Depth of water: Generally, the depth of fish pond is 2_3 meters. The wintering pool in the north is preferably 1.5-2 meters below the thickest ice layer. Fry pond, hatching pool water depth of 1.0_1.5 m is appropriate. Fish ponds generally require a water depth of 1.5_2.0 meters.
Water quality: The abundant water supply and good water quality are the fundamental conditions for fish farming.
Substratum requirements: The pond bottom is preferably loam, sandy loam, followed by clay.
Prepare for pre-stocking rest the pond, remove weeds, impurities, and level the pond.
Clear pond disinfection method clear pond: that is, winter draining water, through the bottom of the pool to freeze, dry and exposing the sun to remove predators, improve the bottom material.
Clear medicine: quicklime or bleach can be used.
Water injection and cultivation Water quality After the pond is disinfected, until the toxicity of the drug disappears, you can live in fresh water. Before the fish species are stocked for 7-10 days, both the base fertilizer and the water quality can be cultivated.
(3) The stocking of fingerlings for stocking large-scale fish species is a high-yielding measure for fish farming in ponds. Large-sized fish species have the characteristics of strong disease resistance, high survival rate, and rapid growth. Under pond rearing conditions, grass carp normally stocks fish species weighing 0.25 kilograms. After 4 months of raising, they can reach 0.5_0.75 kg in the autumn, and 0.5_0.75 kg in stock can grow to 1.0_1.5 kg. Squid generally put one-year-old fish species, 12_18 cm specifications, to the pond up to 0.5_0.75 kg. Other fish such as squid, sea bream, and head bream are all stocked with one-year-old fish. The density is leaner. The specifications are about 12-14 cm. After several months of feeding, the squid can reach the size of 0.
.5 kilograms, 150 to 350 grams of head lice, and more than 100 grams of squid.
High-yield stocking mode:
Based on the experience of many years of breeding, various places have scientifically summarized and formulated a number of stocking patterns, which are not listed here. Here only the 80:20 stocking technique is introduced:
1. Prepare the pond using the standard method described above.
2. Put fish species (such as squid) that have uniform specifications and feed in pelleted feed (such as squid) and filter-feeding species (such as squid) that are more evenly sized into the prepared pond, roughly accounting for the total output. 80% and 20%.
3. Feed a total of 80% of the fish in a nutritious, well-characterized, well-characterized pellet feed, following a defined schedule and method.
4. Always maintain pond water quality at a level that does not cause stress reactions in fish throughout the breeding cycle.
5. At the time of harvest, individuals of the main fish (80%) should be uniform in size and reach the market specifications.
The stocking densities used for stockings of different species should be based on the conditions of the pond. For the first time a farmer adopts the 80:20 pond fish culture technique, the weight of the main fish when harvested per acre of water does not exceed the following limits:
a. In ponds with limited oxygen enrichment and no flushing, the fish weight is set at 167 kg;
b. In the pond where the oxygen is not restricted and the flushing is restricted, the fish weight is set at 267 kg;
c. In ponds where both oxygenation and flushing are not restricted, the fish weight is set at 400 kg;
d. Together with the 20% weight of fish reared, the total fish weight of ponds a, b and c is 209 kg, 333 kg and 400 kg, respectively.
e. If it is desired that the average size of outlet ponds is 500 g, the total number of fish released in ponds a, b and c is 418, 666 and 800 respectively. Among them, the main fish accounted for 80%, and fish rearing accounted for 20%.
Good management of pond fish rearing and management is an important factor in the success of breeding. The ultimate goal of farming is to maximize profits. The greatest profit is achieved by maintaining a balance between the production cost and the quality and quantity of fish species, the quality of feed, the amount of feed, and the quality of the environment. Scientific feeding and management can be summarized in the following eight aspects:
Always visit the pond to observe the dynamics of the fish in the pond. Check the ponds in the early, middle and late days every day. Observe the presence of floating heads and the degree of floating heads before the dawn. Combine bait feeding and water temperature measurement during the day to check fish activity and Eating situation. In the hot season, when the weather changes abruptly, the fishes are liable to have serious floating heads, and they should also inspect the ponds around midnight, so as to stop serious floating heads and prevent flooding.
Weeding and decontamination, keeping the water fresh and the environment of the ponds clean, prevent disease in time.
Grasp pond water and drainage, maintain appropriate water volume, prevent floods and droughts, prevent fish escape, according to the situation, 10_15 days water injection once to supplement evaporation consumption, so that fish have ample space for comfortable activities and a good living environment.
According to the weather, water temperature, season, water quality, fish growth and eating conditions, determine the amount of feeding, timely prevention work.
Do a good job of budgeting and allocating feed and fertilizer requirements for the entire year.
Reasonably use aerators, feeders and other fishery machinery, do a good job of maintenance and electricity.
Pay attention to the market conditions, and arrange exits in a timely manner. Places where conditions permit can do well.
Doing a good job of recording and statistical analysis of pond diaries specifically includes the following aspects:
Fish Stocking and Planned Harvesting, Actual Harvest Records Feeding Fertilization Records Water Management and Economic Analysis of Fish Diseases The above are the main points of pond fish culture technology. The eight words can be summarized systematically:
Water must have sufficient water, good water quality, suitable water temperature, and ample water.
The species must have high-quality breeds and large-scale fish species that are physically strong;
The bait must have a nutritious and comprehensive artificial pellet feed;
Density at a higher density for higher yields;
Mix appropriate mixed fertilizers for water-based fish;
Wheels do a good job of catching rotations, but they can also engage in rotations, that is, to raise fish into fish, and fish in the sea.
Prevent the serious work of preventing and curing diseases, and implement the principle of "early prevention with disease, first prevention with no disease, and prevention with emphasis on treatment";
Well-managed day-to-day management.
According to the requirements for water temperature of farmed fish, the classification is as follows: warm-water fish breeding, general water temperature is 15_30 °C, such as carp, grass carp, razor clams, clams, cockroaches, and head louse; cold water freshwater fish farming: general optimum temperature is 10_20 °C, such as rainbow trout, small scale fish, etc.; hot water fish culture: general optimum temperature is 18_30 °C, such as tilapia, freshwater whitefish and so on.
2. According to the aquaculture water conditions, types and specifications of fish culture, types of waters, and aquaculture measures, freshwater fish culture is divided into the following ways:
a. Still water fish farming and running water fish farming
b. Monoculture, polyculture and nesting
c. Pond fish farming, rice field fish farming, river fish farming, lake fish farming, reservoir fish farming, cage fish farming, fence and fence fish farming, and factory fish farming.
d. intensive, semi-intensive, extensive culture, etc.
The following is an important part of the pond fish culture technology.
Pond fish farming Fish farming is a method of fish farming used in most parts of China. At present, the production accounts for more than 60% of freshwater fish farming. It has the characteristics of small investment, large profits, quick results, and stable production.
Fish pond condition area: General fish pond area is 5_10 mu, which is easy to manage. Pro-fish ponds, fry pools, fish ponds are suitable for 3_5 mu.
Depth of water: Generally, the depth of fish pond is 2_3 meters. The wintering pool in the north is preferably 1.5-2 meters below the thickest ice layer. Fry pond, hatching pool water depth of 1.0_1.5 m is appropriate. Fish ponds generally require a water depth of 1.5_2.0 meters.
Water quality: The abundant water supply and good water quality are the fundamental conditions for fish farming.
Substratum requirements: The pond bottom is preferably loam, sandy loam, followed by clay.
Prepare for pre-stocking rest the pond, remove weeds, impurities, and level the pond.
Clear pond disinfection method clear pond: that is, winter draining water, through the bottom of the pool to freeze, dry and exposing the sun to remove predators, improve the bottom material.
Clear medicine: quicklime or bleach can be used.
Water injection and cultivation Water quality After the pond is disinfected, until the toxicity of the drug disappears, you can live in fresh water. Before the fish species are stocked for 7-10 days, both the base fertilizer and the water quality can be cultivated.
(3) The stocking of fingerlings for stocking large-scale fish species is a high-yielding measure for fish farming in ponds. Large-sized fish species have the characteristics of strong disease resistance, high survival rate, and rapid growth. Under pond rearing conditions, grass carp normally stocks fish species weighing 0.25 kilograms. After 4 months of raising, they can reach 0.5_0.75 kg in the autumn, and 0.5_0.75 kg in stock can grow to 1.0_1.5 kg. Squid generally put one-year-old fish species, 12_18 cm specifications, to the pond up to 0.5_0.75 kg. Other fish such as squid, sea bream, and head bream are all stocked with one-year-old fish. The density is leaner. The specifications are about 12-14 cm. After several months of feeding, the squid can reach the size of 0.
.5 kilograms, 150 to 350 grams of head lice, and more than 100 grams of squid.
High-yield stocking mode:
Based on the experience of many years of breeding, various places have scientifically summarized and formulated a number of stocking patterns, which are not listed here. Here only the 80:20 stocking technique is introduced:
1. Prepare the pond using the standard method described above.
2. Put fish species (such as squid) that have uniform specifications and feed in pelleted feed (such as squid) and filter-feeding species (such as squid) that are more evenly sized into the prepared pond, roughly accounting for the total output. 80% and 20%.
3. Feed a total of 80% of the fish in a nutritious, well-characterized, well-characterized pellet feed, following a defined schedule and method.
4. Always maintain pond water quality at a level that does not cause stress reactions in fish throughout the breeding cycle.
5. At the time of harvest, individuals of the main fish (80%) should be uniform in size and reach the market specifications.
The stocking densities used for stockings of different species should be based on the conditions of the pond. For the first time a farmer adopts the 80:20 pond fish culture technique, the weight of the main fish when harvested per acre of water does not exceed the following limits:
a. In ponds with limited oxygen enrichment and no flushing, the fish weight is set at 167 kg;
b. In the pond where the oxygen is not restricted and the flushing is restricted, the fish weight is set at 267 kg;
c. In ponds where both oxygenation and flushing are not restricted, the fish weight is set at 400 kg;
d. Together with the 20% weight of fish reared, the total fish weight of ponds a, b and c is 209 kg, 333 kg and 400 kg, respectively.
e. If it is desired that the average size of outlet ponds is 500 g, the total number of fish released in ponds a, b and c is 418, 666 and 800 respectively. Among them, the main fish accounted for 80%, and fish rearing accounted for 20%.
Good management of pond fish rearing and management is an important factor in the success of breeding. The ultimate goal of farming is to maximize profits. The greatest profit is achieved by maintaining a balance between the production cost and the quality and quantity of fish species, the quality of feed, the amount of feed, and the quality of the environment. Scientific feeding and management can be summarized in the following eight aspects:
Always visit the pond to observe the dynamics of the fish in the pond. Check the ponds in the early, middle and late days every day. Observe the presence of floating heads and the degree of floating heads before the dawn. Combine bait feeding and water temperature measurement during the day to check fish activity and Eating situation. In the hot season, when the weather changes abruptly, the fishes are liable to have serious floating heads, and they should also inspect the ponds around midnight, so as to stop serious floating heads and prevent flooding.
Weeding and decontamination, keeping the water fresh and the environment of the ponds clean, prevent disease in time.
Grasp pond water and drainage, maintain appropriate water volume, prevent floods and droughts, prevent fish escape, according to the situation, 10_15 days water injection once to supplement evaporation consumption, so that fish have ample space for comfortable activities and a good living environment.
According to the weather, water temperature, season, water quality, fish growth and eating conditions, determine the amount of feeding, timely prevention work.
Do a good job of budgeting and allocating feed and fertilizer requirements for the entire year.
Reasonably use aerators, feeders and other fishery machinery, do a good job of maintenance and electricity.
Pay attention to the market conditions, and arrange exits in a timely manner. Places where conditions permit can do well.
Doing a good job of recording and statistical analysis of pond diaries specifically includes the following aspects:
Fish Stocking and Planned Harvesting, Actual Harvest Records Feeding Fertilization Records Water Management and Economic Analysis of Fish Diseases The above are the main points of pond fish culture technology. The eight words can be summarized systematically:
Water must have sufficient water, good water quality, suitable water temperature, and ample water.
The species must have high-quality breeds and large-scale fish species that are physically strong;
The bait must have a nutritious and comprehensive artificial pellet feed;
Density at a higher density for higher yields;
Mix appropriate mixed fertilizers for water-based fish;
Wheels do a good job of catching rotations, but they can also engage in rotations, that is, to raise fish into fish, and fish in the sea.
Prevent the serious work of preventing and curing diseases, and implement the principle of "early prevention with disease, first prevention with no disease, and prevention with emphasis on treatment";
Well-managed day-to-day management.
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