First, culture methods
The grouper fish breeding methods mainly include cage culture and pond culture, and cage culture is more common. Cage culture grouper is an intensive farming method with high stocking density, easy management, and high production efficiency, so it has developed rapidly. In the introduction of adult fish breeding technology, the main use of cage culture, pond culture and indoor cement pool breeding can refer to cage culture.
Second, breeding site selection
The environment of the aquaculture sea area should have the following conditions: good shelter conditions, little waves, and no typhoon; sand bottom, gravel bottom, reef bottom, and water depth should be more than 4 meters; low tide, moderate flow rate The flow rate in the cage is maintained at 0.20 m/s to 0.75 m/s; the minimum water temperature in winter is not less than 15°C, and the water temperature at 22°C to 28°C is not less than 200 days; the water is fresh and suitable for salinity 25 to 32 , pH = 7 ~ 9, dissolved oxygen above 5 mg / liter; not subject to industrial and agricultural wastewater, urban sewage pollution, no heavy fresh water inflow during the rainy season, salinity of not less than 16, more than 1.5 meters in transparency; traffic conditions Well, live fish transportation and feed supply are convenient.
Third, the breeding season
The growth period of grouper is in the period from May to November in the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian, April to November in Guangdong, Guangdong and Hong Kong and Taiwan, and March to December in Hainan. It takes 16 months to 24 months for grouper to grow from 10 cm in body length to 500 g to 750 g in commercial fish. It can be produced in two breeding cycles. One is to feed 10 cm body length fish from March to May of the first year, raise it to the winter, weigh 150-200 grams, winter in the cage, and raise it until the second winter before the market. The other species are large-sized fingerlings weighing 200 grams from March to May. They can be raised to 500 grams to 700 grams before entering the winter, or raised to the market for about 1.5 kilograms before the second winter. Red-spotted groupers and codfish have a slower growth rate than blue-spotted groupers and spotted grouper, so the listing sizes of blue grouper and spotted grouper are larger.
IV. Breeding density
The stocking density of sea grouper cultured groupers is preferably 60/m3 to 70/m3 at a water temperature of 25°C. In production practice, about 500 fish are reared in cages measuring 3m 3m and 3m. The results showed that the growth of grouper was faster when the stocking densities were 15/m3 and 30/m3, and the growth rate was similar to the former when the stocking density was increased to 60/m3. There was no significant difference. However, when the stocking density increased to 120 tails/cubic meter, the tail weight increased, the feed coefficient increased significantly, and the survival rate decreased significantly. It is reasonable to prove that the stocking density of adult fish is 60/m3. The red-spotted grouper, caged with tails of 100 grams to 150 grams, is suitable for tailings from Xiangshan Port in Zhejiang Province with a tailstock density of 90 to 70 square meters.
V. Feed and Feeding Technology
Grouper is a carnivorous fish, the main feed used for feeding is a small fresh fish. Generally, according to the size of the grouper, the fish is cut into a suitable size and then fed with a fish cutter. Due to the different types of feed fish, the feeding coefficient fluctuates from 5 to 12. The feeding coefficient of blue round ginseng as a feed was lower, while that of eye fish was higher. With the rapid development of grouper aquaculture, the supply of feedstuffs has become increasingly tight, and it is imperative to promote artificial group feeds to feed groupers. Practice has shown that groupers require higher palatability, such as softness, hardness, color, and taste of feeds. They prefer to eat soft pellets, light and bright feeds, and have excessive granules for vomiting. They adapt to soft pellet feeds. Sex is significantly better than hard pellet feed. There is a long process of adaptation from the feeding of small trash fish to the feeding of artificial compound feed, and feeding and domestication are required before feeding compound feed. The suitable content of crude protein in the artificial diet of red grouper was 40%-50%; the suitable content of protein in the mixed diet of blue grouper was 51%-55%, and the suitable content of fat was about 9.87%. If the fat content is properly increased in the feed, more protein can be used for the growth of the fish instead of being consumed as an energy material, which can save protein and increase the utilization of feed protein. Fish grouper fish and fry were fed with a wet mass feed containing fish meal as the main protein. The growth was best when the protein content was 40%-50% and 54%, respectively. Fish meal and casein were used as protein feeds to feed dry grouper fish. The best protein content was 50%. There is no significant variation in the amino acid composition of grouper muscles. The composition pattern of 10 essential amino acids is lysine:leucine:arginine:valine:threonine:isoleucine:phenylalanine. Methionine:Histidine:Tryptophan=9.8:9.1:7.7:5.2:5.0:4.9:4.8:3.1:2.6:1.0. This amino acid composition model can provide reference for the grouper compound feed configuration. The alanine-stimulated electrophysiological threshold values ​​of red grouper and blue grouper were 10 mol/L to 9.9 mol/L and 10 mol/L to 9.6 mol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of other fish. This may be related to the fact that they live between the underlying rocky reefs, degraded visual function and relatively developed olfactory function. It provides a good prospect for the research of olfactory lures for groupers. Groupers have special requirements on the size of feed pellets. When feeding adult fish, the particle size of the pellet feed should not be less than 6 mm, and the particles are too small to have a high appetite.
Feeding technology has a great influence on the effect of grouper fish farming. Under conditions of water temperature of 25°C, the digestive speed of grouper is approximately 20 hours to 24 hours. Therefore, groupers are fed once a day in the South China Sea from May to October, usually from 9 am to 11 am. From November to December and from March to April, it is fed once every two days. In winter, the temperature of seawater drops below 20°C for 3 days to 4 days. Each feeding amount accounts for about 3% to 5% of the body weight. When the water temperature is appropriate, the feeding amount is larger, and when the water temperature is lower or higher, the feeding amount is decreased. In production, the feeding amount of the grouper is generally determined depending on the feeding status of the grouper, and the degree of appetite is reduced. When feeding each batch, it should be sprinkled slowly and in batches. After grabbing the feed before the end of the batch, sprinkle the next batch until the feed is full. Do not pour the feed into the cage at one time, so as to avoid feed wastage and Contamination of the environment, groupers never eat the food at the bottom. Feeding should also pay attention to the principles of quality, quantity, and timing. In the pond culture, attention should also be paid to setting up a feed station for fixed-point feeding, so as to increase the utilization rate of feed and facilitate the removal of residual materials to maintain good water quality.
Sixth, scientific management
Choose a reasonable density of cages and spiders to prevent oxygen starvation. Regularly remove contaminated organisms attached to the cage to keep the flow inside and outside the cage unobstructed. It can be removed by using bio-preventative agents for fouling, mechanical cleaning and chemical treatment, and matching natural enemies of breeding fouling organisms. Regular screening to keep the same specifications of the fish grouper in the same cage. Because fish have the effect of large fish overwhelming the growth of small fish and the phenomenon of self-sustained eating during hunger, they should be screened regularly to make the size of grouper in the cage even. Mixed breeds of carp and omnivorous fish. In this way, one can remove the bottom of the residual food and cage fouling organisms; second, because of strong feeding habits of carp fish, can stimulate grouper appetite; third, can make full use of water space and feed resources, improve the breeding efficiency. Strengthen the anchors and cables to regularly check the damage of the cages to ensure safe production. In particular, before the typhoon comes, it is necessary to strengthen defense and do a good job in safety. Regularly monitor the water quality and protect the breeding environment. According to the first type of marine water quality standards promulgated by the State to monitor aquaculture water, it is conducive to the normal growth of groupers and delicious meat to prevent accidents caused by water quality deterioration.
Healthy Vision
A recent study has found that goji berries contain zeaxanthin, an antioxidant known for helping maintain healthy vision. It`s also the compound responsible for providing the berries with their distinctive bright red color. In the same study, the researchers found that those who consumed goji berries regularly had less hypopigmentation and less drusen in their eye.
Diabetes Management
Researchers have discovered that goji berries contain hypoglycemic properties, which can benefit diabetics. In short, consuming these berries may help control your blood sugar levels safely.
Cancer Prevention
Goji berries contain potential anticancer benefits, according to a recent study published in Life Sciences. Researchers tested Goji Berry extracts on cancer cells and found out that they induced apoptosis on the cancer, effectively stopping it from spreading further.
The grouper fish breeding methods mainly include cage culture and pond culture, and cage culture is more common. Cage culture grouper is an intensive farming method with high stocking density, easy management, and high production efficiency, so it has developed rapidly. In the introduction of adult fish breeding technology, the main use of cage culture, pond culture and indoor cement pool breeding can refer to cage culture.
Second, breeding site selection
The environment of the aquaculture sea area should have the following conditions: good shelter conditions, little waves, and no typhoon; sand bottom, gravel bottom, reef bottom, and water depth should be more than 4 meters; low tide, moderate flow rate The flow rate in the cage is maintained at 0.20 m/s to 0.75 m/s; the minimum water temperature in winter is not less than 15°C, and the water temperature at 22°C to 28°C is not less than 200 days; the water is fresh and suitable for salinity 25 to 32 , pH = 7 ~ 9, dissolved oxygen above 5 mg / liter; not subject to industrial and agricultural wastewater, urban sewage pollution, no heavy fresh water inflow during the rainy season, salinity of not less than 16, more than 1.5 meters in transparency; traffic conditions Well, live fish transportation and feed supply are convenient.
Third, the breeding season
The growth period of grouper is in the period from May to November in the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian, April to November in Guangdong, Guangdong and Hong Kong and Taiwan, and March to December in Hainan. It takes 16 months to 24 months for grouper to grow from 10 cm in body length to 500 g to 750 g in commercial fish. It can be produced in two breeding cycles. One is to feed 10 cm body length fish from March to May of the first year, raise it to the winter, weigh 150-200 grams, winter in the cage, and raise it until the second winter before the market. The other species are large-sized fingerlings weighing 200 grams from March to May. They can be raised to 500 grams to 700 grams before entering the winter, or raised to the market for about 1.5 kilograms before the second winter. Red-spotted groupers and codfish have a slower growth rate than blue-spotted groupers and spotted grouper, so the listing sizes of blue grouper and spotted grouper are larger.
IV. Breeding density
The stocking density of sea grouper cultured groupers is preferably 60/m3 to 70/m3 at a water temperature of 25°C. In production practice, about 500 fish are reared in cages measuring 3m 3m and 3m. The results showed that the growth of grouper was faster when the stocking densities were 15/m3 and 30/m3, and the growth rate was similar to the former when the stocking density was increased to 60/m3. There was no significant difference. However, when the stocking density increased to 120 tails/cubic meter, the tail weight increased, the feed coefficient increased significantly, and the survival rate decreased significantly. It is reasonable to prove that the stocking density of adult fish is 60/m3. The red-spotted grouper, caged with tails of 100 grams to 150 grams, is suitable for tailings from Xiangshan Port in Zhejiang Province with a tailstock density of 90 to 70 square meters.
V. Feed and Feeding Technology
Grouper is a carnivorous fish, the main feed used for feeding is a small fresh fish. Generally, according to the size of the grouper, the fish is cut into a suitable size and then fed with a fish cutter. Due to the different types of feed fish, the feeding coefficient fluctuates from 5 to 12. The feeding coefficient of blue round ginseng as a feed was lower, while that of eye fish was higher. With the rapid development of grouper aquaculture, the supply of feedstuffs has become increasingly tight, and it is imperative to promote artificial group feeds to feed groupers. Practice has shown that groupers require higher palatability, such as softness, hardness, color, and taste of feeds. They prefer to eat soft pellets, light and bright feeds, and have excessive granules for vomiting. They adapt to soft pellet feeds. Sex is significantly better than hard pellet feed. There is a long process of adaptation from the feeding of small trash fish to the feeding of artificial compound feed, and feeding and domestication are required before feeding compound feed. The suitable content of crude protein in the artificial diet of red grouper was 40%-50%; the suitable content of protein in the mixed diet of blue grouper was 51%-55%, and the suitable content of fat was about 9.87%. If the fat content is properly increased in the feed, more protein can be used for the growth of the fish instead of being consumed as an energy material, which can save protein and increase the utilization of feed protein. Fish grouper fish and fry were fed with a wet mass feed containing fish meal as the main protein. The growth was best when the protein content was 40%-50% and 54%, respectively. Fish meal and casein were used as protein feeds to feed dry grouper fish. The best protein content was 50%. There is no significant variation in the amino acid composition of grouper muscles. The composition pattern of 10 essential amino acids is lysine:leucine:arginine:valine:threonine:isoleucine:phenylalanine. Methionine:Histidine:Tryptophan=9.8:9.1:7.7:5.2:5.0:4.9:4.8:3.1:2.6:1.0. This amino acid composition model can provide reference for the grouper compound feed configuration. The alanine-stimulated electrophysiological threshold values ​​of red grouper and blue grouper were 10 mol/L to 9.9 mol/L and 10 mol/L to 9.6 mol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of other fish. This may be related to the fact that they live between the underlying rocky reefs, degraded visual function and relatively developed olfactory function. It provides a good prospect for the research of olfactory lures for groupers. Groupers have special requirements on the size of feed pellets. When feeding adult fish, the particle size of the pellet feed should not be less than 6 mm, and the particles are too small to have a high appetite.
Feeding technology has a great influence on the effect of grouper fish farming. Under conditions of water temperature of 25°C, the digestive speed of grouper is approximately 20 hours to 24 hours. Therefore, groupers are fed once a day in the South China Sea from May to October, usually from 9 am to 11 am. From November to December and from March to April, it is fed once every two days. In winter, the temperature of seawater drops below 20°C for 3 days to 4 days. Each feeding amount accounts for about 3% to 5% of the body weight. When the water temperature is appropriate, the feeding amount is larger, and when the water temperature is lower or higher, the feeding amount is decreased. In production, the feeding amount of the grouper is generally determined depending on the feeding status of the grouper, and the degree of appetite is reduced. When feeding each batch, it should be sprinkled slowly and in batches. After grabbing the feed before the end of the batch, sprinkle the next batch until the feed is full. Do not pour the feed into the cage at one time, so as to avoid feed wastage and Contamination of the environment, groupers never eat the food at the bottom. Feeding should also pay attention to the principles of quality, quantity, and timing. In the pond culture, attention should also be paid to setting up a feed station for fixed-point feeding, so as to increase the utilization rate of feed and facilitate the removal of residual materials to maintain good water quality.
Sixth, scientific management
Choose a reasonable density of cages and spiders to prevent oxygen starvation. Regularly remove contaminated organisms attached to the cage to keep the flow inside and outside the cage unobstructed. It can be removed by using bio-preventative agents for fouling, mechanical cleaning and chemical treatment, and matching natural enemies of breeding fouling organisms. Regular screening to keep the same specifications of the fish grouper in the same cage. Because fish have the effect of large fish overwhelming the growth of small fish and the phenomenon of self-sustained eating during hunger, they should be screened regularly to make the size of grouper in the cage even. Mixed breeds of carp and omnivorous fish. In this way, one can remove the bottom of the residual food and cage fouling organisms; second, because of strong feeding habits of carp fish, can stimulate grouper appetite; third, can make full use of water space and feed resources, improve the breeding efficiency. Strengthen the anchors and cables to regularly check the damage of the cages to ensure safe production. In particular, before the typhoon comes, it is necessary to strengthen defense and do a good job in safety. Regularly monitor the water quality and protect the breeding environment. According to the first type of marine water quality standards promulgated by the State to monitor aquaculture water, it is conducive to the normal growth of groupers and delicious meat to prevent accidents caused by water quality deterioration.
Optimal Weight Management
Goji berries contain high levels of fiber, which can help you feel fuller for longer. As a result, it reduces the feeling of hunger, leading to fewer calories consumed.Healthy Vision
A recent study has found that goji berries contain zeaxanthin, an antioxidant known for helping maintain healthy vision. It`s also the compound responsible for providing the berries with their distinctive bright red color. In the same study, the researchers found that those who consumed goji berries regularly had less hypopigmentation and less drusen in their eye.
Diabetes Management
Researchers have discovered that goji berries contain hypoglycemic properties, which can benefit diabetics. In short, consuming these berries may help control your blood sugar levels safely.
Cancer Prevention
Goji berries contain potential anticancer benefits, according to a recent study published in Life Sciences. Researchers tested Goji Berry extracts on cancer cells and found out that they induced apoptosis on the cancer, effectively stopping it from spreading further.
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