Tang Qingguo1 Shen Shangyue 2 Liang Jinsheng1, Liang Guangchuan1, Ou Xiuqin1, Wang Lijuan1, Ding Yan1 (1.Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; 2. School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China)
Abstract: Due to its large specific surface area, abundant porosity, good adsorption performance, high adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity, clay minerals have been widely used as active ingredients and pharmaceutical excipients in many stomachs. Treatment of diseases, acute and chronic diarrhea, skin diseases and rheumatism. With the deepening of research on the properties and treatment mechanism of clay minerals, the study of clay minerals as natural non-toxic side effects has received more and more attention. Through the research reports of clay drugs at home and abroad and the research results of laboratories in recent years, the characteristics, properties, pharmacological effects and clinical application of clay minerals are comprehensively introduced, and the application prospects of clay minerals in the fields of medicine and cosmetics are predicted.
Key words: clay mineral; influence mechanism; gastrointestinal disease; diarrhea; cosmetics
Clay minerals are a class of unique minerals with large specific surface area, good adsorption properties, high adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity, excellent adhesion, lubricity, suspension, rheology, stability, etc. It has been widely used in many fields such as industrial and agricultural production, fine chemicals, new materials, environmental protection and aquaculture. In recent years, with the deepening of the research on the relationship between clay essence and human health, the application research of clay minerals in medicine, cosmetics and bioengineering has been heating up, which has become a hot topic for scholars at home and abroad [1-4].
1. Medicinal clay minerals and their characteristics
Common minerals in clay are: silicate compounds such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, sepiolite, illite, chlorite, and diatomaceous earth formed by close packing of diatom microbes. And minerals such as layered double hydroxide compounds hydrotalcite. These clay minerals are often associated with: quartz, feldspar, mica, carbonate cuttings and impurity minerals such as organic matter (such as humic acid). The non-toxic or low-toxic nature of clay minerals makes them widely used as feedstocks for additives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The acid and alkali stability of the minerals ensures that they are not absorbed by the gastric or intestinal fluids. Its large surface area, special crystal structure and non-uniform charge distribution make it capable of selectively adsorbing and inhibiting harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses and secreted toxins, ammonia or organic ammonia compounds and heavy metal ions. The exchangeable cations contained therein can also provide some essential trace elements such as iron, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, calcium, selenium, tellurium and manganese to the human body, and have the functions of promoting metabolic balance and enhancing human health.
In Europe and the United States, there are many kinds of pharmaceutical preparations mainly composed of clay minerals such as montmorillonite, attapulgite, kaolinite or talc, which are mainly used for treating diarrhea and gastrointestinal diseases, such as selling in China. The main components of Smecta and Luvos are montmorillonite.
2. History of medicinal use of clay minerals
As a special pharmaceutical preparation, minerals play an important role in Chinese medicine. The history of mineral medicinal can be traced back to 475 BC, and there are mineral records of minerals in Shan Hai Jing. The ancient medical monograph "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" carried a total of 365 kinds of drugs, of which 46 kinds of medicinal minerals, known as jade. Most of the prescriptions made of mineral medicine are used to treat the symptoms of depression. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen’s "Compendium of Materia Medica" had 161 kinds of mineral medicines. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Xuemin's "Compendium of Materia Medica" added 38 more. In addition, there are a large number of records of mineral medicines used in Mongolian medicine, sputum medicine, and Tibetan medicine coexisting with Chinese medicine. The clay minerals commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine are: non-grey wood, actinolite, ochre, ochre, mica, gold, yellowstone, red stone, white stone, glutinous stone, talc, and the like.
The history of using clay minerals as medicines, baths and beauty products in Western countries dates back to prehistoric times. People use clay minerals mixed with vermiculite and water to cure typhoid fever; applying the paste to the skin can alleviate the suffering of patients]. Mesobu Damian and ancient Egyptians used clay minerals as a drug to treat diarrhea and inflammation; Nubian even used clay to prepare human mummified specimens]. The ancient Greeks used clay as a bactericidal paste for the treatment of skin diseases and was used to treat snake bites. Queen Cleopatra of Egypt uses mud from the Dead Sea as a cosmetic]. Italian traveler Marco Polo discovered during his travels that Muslim pilgrims take pink clay to cure fever. As early as the Renaissance, Italians wrote clay minerals as preparations in the pharmacopoeia, followed by the use of clay minerals as a medicament in the United Kingdom, Spain, and the United States. The development of crystallography, mineralogy, biochemistry, pharmacology and clinical medicine has laid a solid theoretical foundation for the application of clay minerals in medicine, health care products and cosmetics.
3 Pharmacological effects and health functions of clay minerals
Clay minerals are mainly used as a therapeutic agent for stomach, intestinal diseases, diarrhea, skin diseases and inflammation, or as a supplement for commonly used drugs such as health care products and beauty products.
3.1 Treatment and protective agents for stomach and intestinal diseases
Clay minerals are used in the treatment of stomach and intestinal diseases due to their special surface structure, large specific surface area and adsorption properties. Due to the small size of the clay mineral particles, it can rapidly disperse and cover the mucosal surface of the ulcer surface of the digestive tract, forming a stable mucosal barrier, reducing and preventing the damage of the attacking factor on the gastric mucosa. Clay minerals have strong selective adsorption, fixation and inhibition of pathogenic factors, water, gases and toxins in the intestine. The harmful bacteria, viruses and secretions adsorbed by clay minerals will be excreted with the stool, which will balance the intestinal flora, regulate gastrointestinal function, and promote the healing of pathological tissues. Study [9]: In the treatment of stomach, intestinal diseases or diarrhea, clay drugs have the effect of alleviating the physiological degeneration and necrosis of mucosal epithelial glands and villi, proliferating mucosal epithelial glands and intestinal villi, exciting hematopoietic function, Promote the excretion of urea oxygen.
Montmorillonite is widely used in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system such as acute and chronic diarrhea, stomach and duodenal ulcers and esophagitis. Because montmorillonite can increase the synthesis of mucosal glycoproteins and phospholipids, enhance mucosal hydrophobicity, improve gastric mucosal blood flow, protect mucous membranes, promote epithelial repair, and help strengthen mucus and mucosal barriers. Therefore, montmorillonite is a good Digestive tract mucosal protective agent. Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of peptic ulcer. As a treatment for patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive peptic ulcer, it is often based on expectorant. However, the side effects of tinctures are large. Li Maoke et al. combined montmorillonite with omeprazole to treat peptic ulcer infected with Helicobacter pylori, the ulcer healing rate reached 94, and the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori was 62. Ambrogi et al [1] using the ion exchangeability of clay to insert ibuprofen anion between the hydrotalcite layers to make a clay anti-inflammatory drug, which significantly improves the fluidity and sustained release of the drug in the intestine.
Zaid et al. compared the results of taking attapulgite and placebo in 30 patients with non-bacterial diarrhea. The results showed that patients taking attapulgite group had significant diarrhea severity, persistence, stool frequency and stool consistency compared with the control group. Better, the degree of dehydration is significantly reduced. An attapulgite oral preparation is used to treat mucosal lesions of the digestive tract. ] and treatment of ulcerative colitis can quickly improve clinical symptoms and shorten the course of treatment.
EricssonE~*] treats enterotoxic Escherichia coli and erythromycin with attapulgite, deuterated salicylic acid compounds, sedatives such as fluoromethyl indoline and antibiotics for patients with diarrhea. The results show that attapulgite is very effective and its latitude is large, which is a reliable safety agent.
Since the attapulgite drug preparation is not absorbed into the blood by the digestive tract mucosa, it can be used as a carrier material for a plurality of drugs, and has the advantages of high drug-loading capacity, good sustained release property, and long action time. Clay minerals can also improve the bioavailability of the drug, increase the polysaccharide component of the gastrointestinal mucosal glycoprotein, and promote the repair of the gastric mucosal barrier. Experiments with Yulinhua et al. showed that attapulgite has a strong function of adsorbing cholic acid and has a good effect on gastric ulcer and reflux gastritis. . After MULTIPURPOSE UTILIZATION etc. n is a pharmaceutical Palygorskite purification and ultra-fine processing such attapulgite mass fraction of 93 nanometer dispersion treatment products, attapulgite performed at different pH liquid (fluorouracil The experiment of the influence of pH is shown in Table 1.
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It can be seen from Table 1 that the pH of all solutions can be stabilized between 8.4 and 8.8 after adsorption by attapulgite. The above description: attapulgite has strong acid and alkali neutralization ability, which can prevent gastric acid from invading ulcer tissue. Promote ulcer healing. The new Chinese medicine "Stomach Ulcer" with attapulgite as the main component has been tested by wound healing in rabbits, which shows that it has obvious functions of reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing. Some drugs with attapulgite as the main component have been widely used in Europe and the United States, and their efficacy is affirmed by the US Food and Drug Administration.
3.2 Role of clay mineral pharmaceutical excipients
Attapulgite, montmorillonite, kaolinite and talc are commonly used pharmaceutical excipients. The effect of clay minerals on the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients [17-20] showed that after the combination of drugs and clay minerals, the degradation rate in the digestive tract was reduced, and the stability of the drug was improved. Due to the adsorption and exchange properties of clay, the release of the drug per unit time is reduced. Although the peak concentration of the drug in the blood is lowered, the effective concentration of the drug in the blood is increased and prolonged, and the drug is a long-acting sustained-release drug, such as: Taking montmorillonite and amphetamine sulfate [1] When the preparation is applied, the concentration of the drug discharged from the urine is greatly reduced, and the concentration of the drug in the blood can be maintained for 14 hours. Taking the same dose of ampheta-mine sulfate alone, the effective concentration of the drug in the blood can only be maintained for 3 h. Since amphetamine sulfate is adsorbed to the surface of charged clay particles in an ionic form, the gastrointestinal motility and osmotic pressure cause the drug to be slowly released and converted into a free drug, and most of the released drug can be effectively absorbed by the rectum, and thus the active ingredient of the drug The utilization rate is improved and the curative effect is improved.
The lubricity and viscosity of clay minerals in the pharmaceutical industry can significantly improve the processing properties of tablet drugs and improve the quality of drugs. The swelling and dispersibility of clay minerals can accelerate the disintegration of tablets, increase the initial concentration of drugs, and promote the absorption of pharmaceutical ingredients. The suspension and emulsifying properties of clay minerals can be used as a suspension stabilizer for liquid drugs to avoid or reduce segregation and precipitation of pharmaceutical ingredients due to the presence of electrolytes. Clay minerals as an inert filler or additive combined with drugs can improve the stability of the drug and produce special pharmacological effects.
3.3 Application of clay minerals in skin diseases and cosmetics
In the treatment of skin diseases or inflammation, clay minerals can be used for the treatment of skin diseases such as herpes, acne, abscesses, and liposuction dermatitis [21-23], and alleviate the pain caused by chronic rheumatoid arthritis and treat sports injuries. Usually, the clay mineral is applied as a powder, an emulsion or an ointment to the affected area to absorb oil, toxins, bacteria and viruses secreted from the skin or the lesion, and the inflammation is cured. The methods used for the treatment of skin diseases by clay minerals can be mainly divided into: mud therapy (geothera-PY), pelotherapy and paramuds. Due to the strong water absorption properties of clay minerals, it can form a dry and gentle bactericidal environment on the skin surface, stimulate the pores to relax, promote the secretion of cellulite, increase blood circulation and clean the skin.
In the production of cosmetics, the use of clay minerals combined with organic matter to form a protective factor has a UV-blocking function, which can effectively reduce the damage of ultraviolet radiation to the skin. The combination of sepiolite or montmorillonite with phenyl salicylate [24] has a good UV absorption capacity. Montmorillonite [25] adsorbed with N-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline methyl sulfate can also absorb ultraviolet radiation and reduce the damage of ultraviolet rays to the skin. At the same time, the drug or fragrance adsorbed by the clay complex is slowly released, meaning that the active ingredient of the drug can remain on the skin for a longer period of time.
4. Research trends in the field of biomedical engineering
Hemodialysis is an effective means in the treatment of certain diseases, such as kidney failure, uremia, liver disease and other immune diseases as well as drugs or toxic substances. Most of the dialysis materials used in clinical practice are activated carbon and resin, but the selectivity of activated carbon is poor, and the blood compatibility of the resin is not good. To this end, Perderiset et al. studied the use of hexadecanoyl lecithin or bovine serum albumin to coat attapulgite particles, improving the compatibility of attapulgite with blood. Tang Xianjue et al L2 used agar-embedded cross-linked microencapsulation technology to obtain a bead-like attapulgite adsorbent with stable performance and heat-resistant pressure sterilization. The material retains the adsorption properties of attapulgite, the nitrogen-containing cationic compounds methylene blue and phenothiazines, and certain easily toxic drugs such as chlorpromazine, quinidine, diazepam, phenobarbital, etc. There is a strong selection of adsorption capacity. Through agar cross-linking microencapsulation treatment, the blood compatibility of the material is improved, the dispersibility of the attapulgite is overcome, and it is expected to play a role in blood purification.
Tang Qingguo Hu made a attapulgite magnetic targeting drug carrier material with sustained release function by magnetizing the purified and ultra-fine attapulgite. The magnetic susceptibility of the material is 4.3×10 O, which can be effectively trapped by the external magnetic field and fixed in the lesion area, and the drug is directly released to the diseased tissue. Experiments show that the adsorption capacity of the anti-cancer drug fluorouracil is 27.2 mg / g, and the drug can be stabilized for more than 10 h in simulated gastric juice and intestinal fluid. The elution concentration of the adsorbed drug of the material is stable and long-lasting, so that the drug concentration of the pathological site can be maintained, and the damage of the chemotherapy drug to the normal tissues of the human body, especially the liver, kidney, spleen and other metabolic organs can be reduced. Animal experiments show that the material is non-toxic and stable in performance, and it is a new type of drug carrier material with promising future.
Using synthetic layered hydroxide clay mineral (1ay-ered double hydroxide, I DH), studied as a drug carrier transport genes and have been shown superior performance. Kwak like DNA (desoxyr.bonuc1eic acid, DNA) and oligomeric nucleoside allergic (antisenseo1igonuc1eotide, As-myc) biomolecular inserted LDH interlayer, the interlayer spacing LDH from 8.7 A to 23 respectively. 9 A (DNA) and 17.1 A (As-myc). When the As-myc-LDH mixing nutrient solution 20 t ~ mol / L incubator human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60 (human promyelo-
cytic leukemia cells, when the HI), strong cell growth inhibition of only 65. The experimental results indicate that nano-LDH without biotoxicity has better performance than ordinary carriers and is expected to become a new generation of inorganic drug carrier materials.
5. Conclusion
Clay minerals are widely distributed, rich in reserves, low in price and easy to process. Clay minerals have the characteristics of low energy consumption and no secondary pollution. Especially with the development of beneficiation and purification and nano-processing technology, as a filler for green medicine or cosmetics, clay minerals will be deepened in understanding of their essence in human medical care. The health care industry is playing an increasingly important role.
Abstract: Due to its large specific surface area, abundant porosity, good adsorption performance, high adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity, clay minerals have been widely used as active ingredients and pharmaceutical excipients in many stomachs. Treatment of diseases, acute and chronic diarrhea, skin diseases and rheumatism. With the deepening of research on the properties and treatment mechanism of clay minerals, the study of clay minerals as natural non-toxic side effects has received more and more attention. Through the research reports of clay drugs at home and abroad and the research results of laboratories in recent years, the characteristics, properties, pharmacological effects and clinical application of clay minerals are comprehensively introduced, and the application prospects of clay minerals in the fields of medicine and cosmetics are predicted.
Key words: clay mineral; influence mechanism; gastrointestinal disease; diarrhea; cosmetics
Clay minerals are a class of unique minerals with large specific surface area, good adsorption properties, high adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity, excellent adhesion, lubricity, suspension, rheology, stability, etc. It has been widely used in many fields such as industrial and agricultural production, fine chemicals, new materials, environmental protection and aquaculture. In recent years, with the deepening of the research on the relationship between clay essence and human health, the application research of clay minerals in medicine, cosmetics and bioengineering has been heating up, which has become a hot topic for scholars at home and abroad [1-4].
1. Medicinal clay minerals and their characteristics
Common minerals in clay are: silicate compounds such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, sepiolite, illite, chlorite, and diatomaceous earth formed by close packing of diatom microbes. And minerals such as layered double hydroxide compounds hydrotalcite. These clay minerals are often associated with: quartz, feldspar, mica, carbonate cuttings and impurity minerals such as organic matter (such as humic acid). The non-toxic or low-toxic nature of clay minerals makes them widely used as feedstocks for additives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The acid and alkali stability of the minerals ensures that they are not absorbed by the gastric or intestinal fluids. Its large surface area, special crystal structure and non-uniform charge distribution make it capable of selectively adsorbing and inhibiting harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses and secreted toxins, ammonia or organic ammonia compounds and heavy metal ions. The exchangeable cations contained therein can also provide some essential trace elements such as iron, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, calcium, selenium, tellurium and manganese to the human body, and have the functions of promoting metabolic balance and enhancing human health.
In Europe and the United States, there are many kinds of pharmaceutical preparations mainly composed of clay minerals such as montmorillonite, attapulgite, kaolinite or talc, which are mainly used for treating diarrhea and gastrointestinal diseases, such as selling in China. The main components of Smecta and Luvos are montmorillonite.
2. History of medicinal use of clay minerals
As a special pharmaceutical preparation, minerals play an important role in Chinese medicine. The history of mineral medicinal can be traced back to 475 BC, and there are mineral records of minerals in Shan Hai Jing. The ancient medical monograph "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" carried a total of 365 kinds of drugs, of which 46 kinds of medicinal minerals, known as jade. Most of the prescriptions made of mineral medicine are used to treat the symptoms of depression. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen’s "Compendium of Materia Medica" had 161 kinds of mineral medicines. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Xuemin's "Compendium of Materia Medica" added 38 more. In addition, there are a large number of records of mineral medicines used in Mongolian medicine, sputum medicine, and Tibetan medicine coexisting with Chinese medicine. The clay minerals commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine are: non-grey wood, actinolite, ochre, ochre, mica, gold, yellowstone, red stone, white stone, glutinous stone, talc, and the like.
The history of using clay minerals as medicines, baths and beauty products in Western countries dates back to prehistoric times. People use clay minerals mixed with vermiculite and water to cure typhoid fever; applying the paste to the skin can alleviate the suffering of patients]. Mesobu Damian and ancient Egyptians used clay minerals as a drug to treat diarrhea and inflammation; Nubian even used clay to prepare human mummified specimens]. The ancient Greeks used clay as a bactericidal paste for the treatment of skin diseases and was used to treat snake bites. Queen Cleopatra of Egypt uses mud from the Dead Sea as a cosmetic]. Italian traveler Marco Polo discovered during his travels that Muslim pilgrims take pink clay to cure fever. As early as the Renaissance, Italians wrote clay minerals as preparations in the pharmacopoeia, followed by the use of clay minerals as a medicament in the United Kingdom, Spain, and the United States. The development of crystallography, mineralogy, biochemistry, pharmacology and clinical medicine has laid a solid theoretical foundation for the application of clay minerals in medicine, health care products and cosmetics.
3 Pharmacological effects and health functions of clay minerals
Clay minerals are mainly used as a therapeutic agent for stomach, intestinal diseases, diarrhea, skin diseases and inflammation, or as a supplement for commonly used drugs such as health care products and beauty products.
3.1 Treatment and protective agents for stomach and intestinal diseases
Clay minerals are used in the treatment of stomach and intestinal diseases due to their special surface structure, large specific surface area and adsorption properties. Due to the small size of the clay mineral particles, it can rapidly disperse and cover the mucosal surface of the ulcer surface of the digestive tract, forming a stable mucosal barrier, reducing and preventing the damage of the attacking factor on the gastric mucosa. Clay minerals have strong selective adsorption, fixation and inhibition of pathogenic factors, water, gases and toxins in the intestine. The harmful bacteria, viruses and secretions adsorbed by clay minerals will be excreted with the stool, which will balance the intestinal flora, regulate gastrointestinal function, and promote the healing of pathological tissues. Study [9]: In the treatment of stomach, intestinal diseases or diarrhea, clay drugs have the effect of alleviating the physiological degeneration and necrosis of mucosal epithelial glands and villi, proliferating mucosal epithelial glands and intestinal villi, exciting hematopoietic function, Promote the excretion of urea oxygen.
Montmorillonite is widely used in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system such as acute and chronic diarrhea, stomach and duodenal ulcers and esophagitis. Because montmorillonite can increase the synthesis of mucosal glycoproteins and phospholipids, enhance mucosal hydrophobicity, improve gastric mucosal blood flow, protect mucous membranes, promote epithelial repair, and help strengthen mucus and mucosal barriers. Therefore, montmorillonite is a good Digestive tract mucosal protective agent. Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of peptic ulcer. As a treatment for patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive peptic ulcer, it is often based on expectorant. However, the side effects of tinctures are large. Li Maoke et al. combined montmorillonite with omeprazole to treat peptic ulcer infected with Helicobacter pylori, the ulcer healing rate reached 94, and the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori was 62. Ambrogi et al [1] using the ion exchangeability of clay to insert ibuprofen anion between the hydrotalcite layers to make a clay anti-inflammatory drug, which significantly improves the fluidity and sustained release of the drug in the intestine.
Zaid et al. compared the results of taking attapulgite and placebo in 30 patients with non-bacterial diarrhea. The results showed that patients taking attapulgite group had significant diarrhea severity, persistence, stool frequency and stool consistency compared with the control group. Better, the degree of dehydration is significantly reduced. An attapulgite oral preparation is used to treat mucosal lesions of the digestive tract. ] and treatment of ulcerative colitis can quickly improve clinical symptoms and shorten the course of treatment.
EricssonE~*] treats enterotoxic Escherichia coli and erythromycin with attapulgite, deuterated salicylic acid compounds, sedatives such as fluoromethyl indoline and antibiotics for patients with diarrhea. The results show that attapulgite is very effective and its latitude is large, which is a reliable safety agent.
Since the attapulgite drug preparation is not absorbed into the blood by the digestive tract mucosa, it can be used as a carrier material for a plurality of drugs, and has the advantages of high drug-loading capacity, good sustained release property, and long action time. Clay minerals can also improve the bioavailability of the drug, increase the polysaccharide component of the gastrointestinal mucosal glycoprotein, and promote the repair of the gastric mucosal barrier. Experiments with Yulinhua et al. showed that attapulgite has a strong function of adsorbing cholic acid and has a good effect on gastric ulcer and reflux gastritis. . After MULTIPURPOSE UTILIZATION etc. n is a pharmaceutical Palygorskite purification and ultra-fine processing such attapulgite mass fraction of 93 nanometer dispersion treatment products, attapulgite performed at different pH liquid (fluorouracil The experiment of the influence of pH is shown in Table 1.
It can be seen from Table 1 that the pH of all solutions can be stabilized between 8.4 and 8.8 after adsorption by attapulgite. The above description: attapulgite has strong acid and alkali neutralization ability, which can prevent gastric acid from invading ulcer tissue. Promote ulcer healing. The new Chinese medicine "Stomach Ulcer" with attapulgite as the main component has been tested by wound healing in rabbits, which shows that it has obvious functions of reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing. Some drugs with attapulgite as the main component have been widely used in Europe and the United States, and their efficacy is affirmed by the US Food and Drug Administration.
3.2 Role of clay mineral pharmaceutical excipients
Attapulgite, montmorillonite, kaolinite and talc are commonly used pharmaceutical excipients. The effect of clay minerals on the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients [17-20] showed that after the combination of drugs and clay minerals, the degradation rate in the digestive tract was reduced, and the stability of the drug was improved. Due to the adsorption and exchange properties of clay, the release of the drug per unit time is reduced. Although the peak concentration of the drug in the blood is lowered, the effective concentration of the drug in the blood is increased and prolonged, and the drug is a long-acting sustained-release drug, such as: Taking montmorillonite and amphetamine sulfate [1] When the preparation is applied, the concentration of the drug discharged from the urine is greatly reduced, and the concentration of the drug in the blood can be maintained for 14 hours. Taking the same dose of ampheta-mine sulfate alone, the effective concentration of the drug in the blood can only be maintained for 3 h. Since amphetamine sulfate is adsorbed to the surface of charged clay particles in an ionic form, the gastrointestinal motility and osmotic pressure cause the drug to be slowly released and converted into a free drug, and most of the released drug can be effectively absorbed by the rectum, and thus the active ingredient of the drug The utilization rate is improved and the curative effect is improved.
The lubricity and viscosity of clay minerals in the pharmaceutical industry can significantly improve the processing properties of tablet drugs and improve the quality of drugs. The swelling and dispersibility of clay minerals can accelerate the disintegration of tablets, increase the initial concentration of drugs, and promote the absorption of pharmaceutical ingredients. The suspension and emulsifying properties of clay minerals can be used as a suspension stabilizer for liquid drugs to avoid or reduce segregation and precipitation of pharmaceutical ingredients due to the presence of electrolytes. Clay minerals as an inert filler or additive combined with drugs can improve the stability of the drug and produce special pharmacological effects.
3.3 Application of clay minerals in skin diseases and cosmetics
In the treatment of skin diseases or inflammation, clay minerals can be used for the treatment of skin diseases such as herpes, acne, abscesses, and liposuction dermatitis [21-23], and alleviate the pain caused by chronic rheumatoid arthritis and treat sports injuries. Usually, the clay mineral is applied as a powder, an emulsion or an ointment to the affected area to absorb oil, toxins, bacteria and viruses secreted from the skin or the lesion, and the inflammation is cured. The methods used for the treatment of skin diseases by clay minerals can be mainly divided into: mud therapy (geothera-PY), pelotherapy and paramuds. Due to the strong water absorption properties of clay minerals, it can form a dry and gentle bactericidal environment on the skin surface, stimulate the pores to relax, promote the secretion of cellulite, increase blood circulation and clean the skin.
In the production of cosmetics, the use of clay minerals combined with organic matter to form a protective factor has a UV-blocking function, which can effectively reduce the damage of ultraviolet radiation to the skin. The combination of sepiolite or montmorillonite with phenyl salicylate [24] has a good UV absorption capacity. Montmorillonite [25] adsorbed with N-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline methyl sulfate can also absorb ultraviolet radiation and reduce the damage of ultraviolet rays to the skin. At the same time, the drug or fragrance adsorbed by the clay complex is slowly released, meaning that the active ingredient of the drug can remain on the skin for a longer period of time.
4. Research trends in the field of biomedical engineering
Hemodialysis is an effective means in the treatment of certain diseases, such as kidney failure, uremia, liver disease and other immune diseases as well as drugs or toxic substances. Most of the dialysis materials used in clinical practice are activated carbon and resin, but the selectivity of activated carbon is poor, and the blood compatibility of the resin is not good. To this end, Perderiset et al. studied the use of hexadecanoyl lecithin or bovine serum albumin to coat attapulgite particles, improving the compatibility of attapulgite with blood. Tang Xianjue et al L2 used agar-embedded cross-linked microencapsulation technology to obtain a bead-like attapulgite adsorbent with stable performance and heat-resistant pressure sterilization. The material retains the adsorption properties of attapulgite, the nitrogen-containing cationic compounds methylene blue and phenothiazines, and certain easily toxic drugs such as chlorpromazine, quinidine, diazepam, phenobarbital, etc. There is a strong selection of adsorption capacity. Through agar cross-linking microencapsulation treatment, the blood compatibility of the material is improved, the dispersibility of the attapulgite is overcome, and it is expected to play a role in blood purification.
Tang Qingguo Hu made a attapulgite magnetic targeting drug carrier material with sustained release function by magnetizing the purified and ultra-fine attapulgite. The magnetic susceptibility of the material is 4.3×10 O, which can be effectively trapped by the external magnetic field and fixed in the lesion area, and the drug is directly released to the diseased tissue. Experiments show that the adsorption capacity of the anti-cancer drug fluorouracil is 27.2 mg / g, and the drug can be stabilized for more than 10 h in simulated gastric juice and intestinal fluid. The elution concentration of the adsorbed drug of the material is stable and long-lasting, so that the drug concentration of the pathological site can be maintained, and the damage of the chemotherapy drug to the normal tissues of the human body, especially the liver, kidney, spleen and other metabolic organs can be reduced. Animal experiments show that the material is non-toxic and stable in performance, and it is a new type of drug carrier material with promising future.
Using synthetic layered hydroxide clay mineral (1ay-ered double hydroxide, I DH), studied as a drug carrier transport genes and have been shown superior performance. Kwak like DNA (desoxyr.bonuc1eic acid, DNA) and oligomeric nucleoside allergic (antisenseo1igonuc1eotide, As-myc) biomolecular inserted LDH interlayer, the interlayer spacing LDH from 8.7 A to 23 respectively. 9 A (DNA) and 17.1 A (As-myc). When the As-myc-LDH mixing nutrient solution 20 t ~ mol / L incubator human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60 (human promyelo-
cytic leukemia cells, when the HI), strong cell growth inhibition of only 65. The experimental results indicate that nano-LDH without biotoxicity has better performance than ordinary carriers and is expected to become a new generation of inorganic drug carrier materials.
5. Conclusion
Clay minerals are widely distributed, rich in reserves, low in price and easy to process. Clay minerals have the characteristics of low energy consumption and no secondary pollution. Especially with the development of beneficiation and purification and nano-processing technology, as a filler for green medicine or cosmetics, clay minerals will be deepened in understanding of their essence in human medical care. The health care industry is playing an increasingly important role.
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