The organic matter in the fertilizer fermentation process undergoes complex transformation under the influence of microorganisms. It is a process of mineralization of organic matter, that is, decomposition of complex organic matter into simple substances, and ultimately generates carbon dioxide, water, and mineral nutrients. The following is a conversion analysis provided by the Kampo Fertilizer Fermentation Expert.
1. Organic mineralization
(1) Decomposition of nitrogen-free organics
The polysaccharide compounds (starch, cellulose, hemicellulose) are first hydrolyzed to monosaccharides by the action of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by microorganisms. Glucose decomposes rapidly under well-ventilated conditions, and alcohol, acetic acid, oxalic acid and other intermediate products are not easily accumulated, eventually forming CO2 and H2O, and releasing a large amount of heat energy. If the ventilation is poor, the monosaccharides decompose slowly under the effect of anaerobic microorganisms, producing less heat and accumulating some intermediate products - organic acids. In the case of extremely anaerobic microorganisms, reduced substances such as CH4 and H2 are also produced.
(2) Decomposition of nitrogenous organics
Nitrogenous organic compounds in compost include proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, humus, and the like. With the exception of humus, most of them are easily decomposed. For example, proteins are gradually degraded under the action of proteases secreted by microorganisms to produce various amino acids, and then formed into ammonium salts and nitrates through ammoniating and nitrification, respectively, which can be absorbed and utilized by plants.
(3) Conversion of Phosphorous Organic Compounds
The phosphorus-containing organic compounds in the compost, under the action of various saprophytic microorganisms, form phosphoric acid and become nutrients that plants can absorb and use.
(4) Conversion of sulfur-containing organics
Sulfur-containing organic matter in compost produces hydrogen sulfide through the action of microorganisms. Hydrogen sulfide is easy to accumulate in an odious environment and can be toxic to plants and microorganisms. However, under well-ventilated conditions, hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to sulfuric acid by the action of sulfur bacteria, and forms sulphate with the salt in the compost, which not only eliminates the poisoning of hydrogen sulfide, but also becomes a nutrient that the plant can absorb. In the case of poor ventilation, reverse sulphidation occurs and sulfuric acid is converted to H2S, which is toxic to plants. During compost fermentation, the anti-vulcanization effect can be eliminated by regular upturns to improve compost ventilation.
(5) Conversion of lipids and aromatic organics
The structure of tannin and resin is complex, and the decomposition is slow. The final product is also CO2 and water. Lignin is a particularly stable organic compound in compost containing plant-derived materials (such as bark, sawdust, etc.), and its structure is complex, including aromatic nucleus. , and exist in poly form in plant tissues, extremely difficult to decompose. Under well-ventilated conditions, decomposition is slowly carried out mainly by the action of fungi and actinomycetes, and its aromatic nuclei can become quinoid compounds, which are one of the raw materials for resynthesis of humic substances. Of course, these substances will continue to be decomposed under certain conditions.
In summary, the mineralization of compost organic matter can provide quick-acting nutrients for crops and microorganisms, provide energy for microbial activity, and prepare basic raw materials for humification of fertilizer-fermented organic matter.
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