Fungal mushrooms include straw mushrooms, coprinus comatus, mushrooms, oyster mushrooms and so on. Because of its delicious taste, Shiitake is deeply loved by the public, and its sales price is higher. Plant management techniques are easy to learn and understand. Farmers' friends are very suitable for planting and cultivation in the fall and winter slack season.
First, the production of bacteria bags
1. Preparation of raw materials: Mulberry branches, apple branches or other broad-leaved trees such as poplar, willow, paulownia, and coriander can be used as culture materials. As long as they are not mildewed, they can be used after crushing.
2. Selection of cultivation period: The best season is from late August to mid-September. The maximum temperature in ten days is less than 30°C, and the average temperature in ten days is 26 to 28°C.
3, mushroom bag bacteria temperature requirements: 1 to 7 days after inoculation, bag temperature lower than room temperature 1 ~ 3 °C, room temperature can be controlled at 28 ~ 30 °C, 7 ~ 10 days, germination required temperature 26 ~ 28 °C. 10 to 15 days, the bacteria bags began to warm up on their own, and the bacteria required temperature of 24°C to 28°C. After 15 days, the self-heating condition of the bag and the natural temperature drop were basically synchronized. If properly grasped, rational use of ventilation, put the bag dense or thin, increase or decrease the number of layers, so that the entire period of germination 60 to 70 days (such as mid-August planted to mid-September), basically no temperature increase equipment, Rely on the natural temperature can be successfully completed to meet the basic temperature and bacteria requirements. This will not only reduce a lot of manpower, material resources, reduce costs, but also to achieve good bacteria, timely mushrooming, high yield, good quality, high economic efficiency purposes.
Mushrooms need to be heated and germinated, and the mushrooms become warm. If the germinating period is late, it is necessary to artificially increase the temperature in order to achieve the requirement of constant temperature germs. The rural areas with poor infrastructure and infrastructure, sometimes with a temperature difference of 5 to 10°C, have a great influence on the growth and physiological maturity of mycelium. The fruiting period is delayed, and the yield, quality, and economic benefits are not high.
4. Take “three levels†for high yield: 1 The average temperature during the inoculation period does not exceed 28°C. 2 When the bag is changed color (about 60 days in culture), the average daily temperature is not lower than 15°C. 3 The fruiting period, which is the formation of the first fruit body, grows to more than 1cm. The first mushroom must be harvested before the first local cold current. The vast majority of rural bags of shiitake mushrooms must be really good for these three crucial moments, otherwise it is difficult to manage, the cost increases, the period of producing quality mushrooms is short, the quality of mushrooms is poor, and economic efficiency is not high.
A few years of practice have proved that at the end of September of the cultivation period, with each delay of 10 days, the fruiting period will be postponed by one month, and the general economic benefits will be reduced by a quarter or a third. Therefore, the “three levels†must be implemented.
5. Ingredients: (1) Wood chips 38.5kg, bran 10kg, gypsum 1kg, sugar 0.5kg, PH value 7.0-7.5, moisture content 55-60%. (2) Sawdust 35kg, cottonseed skin 7kg, bran 6.5kg, gypsum 1kg, sugar 0.5kg, PH value 7.0-7.5, moisture content 55-60%. The above-mentioned raw materials must be weighed accurately, and be mixed repeatedly evenly. "The mixture of raw materials and water will be uneven, and the mushroom pit will be dead." Appropriately increase the PH value, will help prevent the contamination of bacteria, increase the rate of pure bacteria, promote the early decomposition of hyphae use of lignin, early fruiting. Ingredient requirements: reasonable ratio, accurate weighing, even mixing, slightly dry and not wet.
6. Bagging: Use special tube bags for edible fungi, requiring uniform thickness, resistance to pull, temperature resistance, and the temperature is at 115°C, no microporous high-quality plastic bags. Cut up to 60-65cm, one end of a small uniform pleats tied with a line, and then use a candle to burn and melt, to achieve absolutely no leakage prevail. Stir the uniform culture material into the bag, loose and proper, not too real or too loose, with the center of the material bag with hand hold, no soft feeling, the material bag does not sag at both ends. When tying, it is necessary to wipe and stick the culture material sticking to the mouth of the bag to prevent the contamination of the bacteria from this area. Packed bags should be handled with care, not placed directly on the land, and covered with sacks, woven bags, etc. to prevent sand grains from breaking through the bags, causing micropores, bacteria infection, and water bags.
7, steam material: add enough water to the steamer, tie a good mouth of the material bag, up and down alignment, in batches to the top of the pot, do not arrange the material bag into a "well" shape. Bring fire before pot, or catch fire with pot. Large cigarette butts, strive to reach 100°C within 4 to 6 hours, and do not drop water after reaching 100°C, do not cool down, consume about 20kg of water per hour, and maintain for 20 hours (or longer) to achieve sterilization effect.
8. Inoculation: The inoculation room and the germination room should be cleaned in the same room. Clean the room 7 to 10 days before use. The old room needs to use lime water to brush the walls. The room is damp and lime to dehumidify. Use the tools 4 days before use. Into the room, sealed doors and windows, to achieve indoor seal leak-free, each room with 0.5 ~ 1kg sulfur ignition fumigation room, seal the door to open when feeding. The inoculation starts when the temperature of the bag drops to 30°C, and the inoculation time is best arranged at night and in the morning. Before the inoculation, the door should be covered with 5 to 10cm thick lime, and the personnel must go through the lime and call the “white ash seal doorâ€. The vaccination personnel should do a good job of personal hygiene, skilled, fast, agile, well-matched four people, one person rubs Pockets are punched, one is spotted, one is glued, and one is handled. Before the inoculation, light the alcohol lamp. All the tools used for inoculation should be flame-sterilized. Use the inoculum block to remove the bacteria and insert the bacteria into the hole quickly. Try not to break the bacteria. Whenever you have finished a bag of strains, you must flame the inoculator through the alcohol lamp to take the next bag. Prevent cross-infection due to bacterial species.
Second, nurture
1, germs: bacteria bag cultivation is a serious, detailed, long time and complicated work, from the inoculation to the bag to reach the physiological maturity of the whole process takes about 60 days, because the mushroom is a constant temperature bacteria, variable temperature mushroom Fungi, the entire germination period requires a basic constant temperature of 242 °C, relative humidity below 70%, dark light, ventilation. Germ germination temperature should be constant at 22 ~ 26 °C (raw material temperature), must not be too high too low. The effective accumulated temperature must reach above 1200°C to produce mushrooms. In the early stage, the mycelial growth and development of 24°C was the best, and the extracellular enzyme secretion was the strongest at 27-28°C in the later period. The ability to decompose lignin and cellulose hemicellulose was the strongest, and accumulated a lot of nutrients, which was beneficial to fruiting.
The mushroom mycelium is sensitive to the characteristics of temperature stimuli. The specific measures and operation methods for inoculating the bacteria bag after inoculation are as follows: 1 to 6 days: Do not turn the bag and do not ventilate it. At this time, the bag temperature is 1~3°C lower than the room temperature, and the room temperature can be controlled at 28 to 30°C, which is suitable for the temperature of the fungus. After spotting, the temperature is measured 3 to 4 times a day, and the doors and windows are shaded, causing darkness in the room until about 50 days. 7 to 10 days: The hyphae had been eaten, began to grow, and the first turn was performed on the seventh day to check the bacteria bag and bacterial infections. It was found that the bacteria were treated in time and the missed species were promptly filled. In the next 7-10 days, it will be piled once. Before the previous two turnovers, it must be handled lightly. After a few turns, the technique can be aggravated and stimulated. It is ventilated 2 or 3 times a day for 30 minutes each time. 11 to 15 days: Mycelium has begun to grow vigorously, mycelium grows, and ventilation is mainly based on heat preservation, and the second turning is performed. 16 to 20 days, a large number of mycelium proliferation, room temperature can be controlled at 22 ~ 24 °C, in order to insulation, proper ventilation. 21 days later, the inoculation of hyphae was successively performed. With the opening of the hole and oxydation, the temperature of the bacterial bag increased by 5 to 10°C higher than the room temperature. The main task after ventilation and the mycelial connection between the cooling point and the outlet was reasonable. The scientific use of turning, ventilation and temperature adjustment to meet the temperature requirements of mycelium development, basically reached a constant temperature, this work has been maintained in the bacterial bag culture for about 60 to 70 days. 50-65 days: The surface layer of the mushroom bag produces bristles, and the secretion of brown pigment increases. After 50 days, the doors and windows are removed to cover the yin, giving light stimulation and promoting the physiological maturity of the bag. Before bag removal, the bag temperature is increased to 27 to 28°C. For 4 days, the mycelium breaks down and accumulates a lot of nutrients to prepare a good mushroom. After the bag culture is mature, when the natural temperature is below 14°C during the ten days, it will not be able to turn color smoothly after the bag is removed, affecting the future fruiting, so it is necessary to turn the bag with the color, and when the entire bag turns to one third, You can take the bag out of mushrooms.
2. Bag-out methods and precautions: 1 Transport the fungus bags to the mushroom shed or special features. 2 Cut the film with a sharp knife. The blade and the tangent part are wiped and wiped with alcohol cotton balls. The incision should not be too deep, and the scratched film should prevail. Do not injure the hyphae. 3 take off the bag in the mushroom shed, such as a special color change venues, to take the side of the bag, side display, side cover film to prevent bacteria bags, fungal film dehydration and drying. 4 take off the best choice for cloudy or sunny morning and evening, windy weather should not carry bags. 5 bacteria bags infected with bacteria, do not take bags, take bags with mushrooms. 6 Sprinkle the special color conversion place or mushroom shed with a sprayer in advance to maintain a relative humidity of 85%.
3, color management: Color conversion is the unique characteristics of mushrooms, is the growth of vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and then to achieve weight maturation of the fruiting body signs and physiological processes. A layer of white villous aerial mycelium grows on the surface of the bacteria bag, and then lays down to form a thin layer of pellicles. At the same time, it begins to secrete pigment, spits out yellow water, and the bag turns from white to pink and brown-purple. Metal luster, known as "artificial bark" pellicles, said that the color, the specific measures of management are: 1 1 to 4 days after bag removal, sealing the film, do not turn the bacteria bag, keep the temperature 18 ~ 22 °C, humidity 85% shading becomes cloudy. 2 On the 5th to the 8th day, the mycelium secretes a layer of yellow to brownish water droplets on the surface of the mycelia. At this time, the membrane is ventilated and the water is sprayed on the bag for two consecutive days. The first day is sprayed with a nebulizer to turn the yellow-red waterdrops. Chongsan, the next day, the pressurized re-spray will wash the net brownish red water droplets, then the mycelia of the bag surface will be dry and sticky when the film is covered, and the color is generally completed in 8 to 12 days. 3 On the 9th to the 15th days, after the end of the color conversion, daily dry and wet difference and temperature difference stimulation, the temperature difference between day and night to 10 °C or more, but to grasp the lowest 8 °C maximum 22 °C for 3 to 4 days, you can have a large number of mushrooms Lei occurs.
4, temperature buds: buds are cold, variable temperature and strong mushrooms, mycelium from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, in the lower temperature, larger temperature difference between day and night, the mycelium growth rate is slow, promote nutrient and The accumulation of moisture into accumulation points, and then form the primordium, the formation of the primordium must create a temperature difference and dry and wet conditions to ensure that the primordium formed and normally develop into mushroom buds. The specific measures are as follows: Pulling the temperature difference between the big mushroom sheds and the low-temperature temperature triggering the buds. When the average temperature is between 8 and 22°C in the end of the tenth day, it is the appropriate temperature for budding buds. However, the temperature difference must be increased to above 10°C, and the difference between dry and wet is 15%. Continuous treatment of yam for 3 to 4 days can form a primordial basis. For the first and second mushroom bags, the water in the bags should be replenished promptly.
Third, the harvest of mushrooms and standard bacteria bags after the color, into the normal mushroom management, until the mushroom cap length to 4 ~ 6cm, no umbrella, the best harvest standard, then the best quality of mushrooms The highest value of goods. When harvesting mushrooms, the roots of shiitake mushrooms must be removed from the bags in order to prevent them from becoming infected.
First, the production of bacteria bags
1. Preparation of raw materials: Mulberry branches, apple branches or other broad-leaved trees such as poplar, willow, paulownia, and coriander can be used as culture materials. As long as they are not mildewed, they can be used after crushing.
2. Selection of cultivation period: The best season is from late August to mid-September. The maximum temperature in ten days is less than 30°C, and the average temperature in ten days is 26 to 28°C.
3, mushroom bag bacteria temperature requirements: 1 to 7 days after inoculation, bag temperature lower than room temperature 1 ~ 3 °C, room temperature can be controlled at 28 ~ 30 °C, 7 ~ 10 days, germination required temperature 26 ~ 28 °C. 10 to 15 days, the bacteria bags began to warm up on their own, and the bacteria required temperature of 24°C to 28°C. After 15 days, the self-heating condition of the bag and the natural temperature drop were basically synchronized. If properly grasped, rational use of ventilation, put the bag dense or thin, increase or decrease the number of layers, so that the entire period of germination 60 to 70 days (such as mid-August planted to mid-September), basically no temperature increase equipment, Rely on the natural temperature can be successfully completed to meet the basic temperature and bacteria requirements. This will not only reduce a lot of manpower, material resources, reduce costs, but also to achieve good bacteria, timely mushrooming, high yield, good quality, high economic efficiency purposes.
Mushrooms need to be heated and germinated, and the mushrooms become warm. If the germinating period is late, it is necessary to artificially increase the temperature in order to achieve the requirement of constant temperature germs. The rural areas with poor infrastructure and infrastructure, sometimes with a temperature difference of 5 to 10°C, have a great influence on the growth and physiological maturity of mycelium. The fruiting period is delayed, and the yield, quality, and economic benefits are not high.
4. Take “three levels†for high yield: 1 The average temperature during the inoculation period does not exceed 28°C. 2 When the bag is changed color (about 60 days in culture), the average daily temperature is not lower than 15°C. 3 The fruiting period, which is the formation of the first fruit body, grows to more than 1cm. The first mushroom must be harvested before the first local cold current. The vast majority of rural bags of shiitake mushrooms must be really good for these three crucial moments, otherwise it is difficult to manage, the cost increases, the period of producing quality mushrooms is short, the quality of mushrooms is poor, and economic efficiency is not high.
A few years of practice have proved that at the end of September of the cultivation period, with each delay of 10 days, the fruiting period will be postponed by one month, and the general economic benefits will be reduced by a quarter or a third. Therefore, the “three levels†must be implemented.
5. Ingredients: (1) Wood chips 38.5kg, bran 10kg, gypsum 1kg, sugar 0.5kg, PH value 7.0-7.5, moisture content 55-60%. (2) Sawdust 35kg, cottonseed skin 7kg, bran 6.5kg, gypsum 1kg, sugar 0.5kg, PH value 7.0-7.5, moisture content 55-60%. The above-mentioned raw materials must be weighed accurately, and be mixed repeatedly evenly. "The mixture of raw materials and water will be uneven, and the mushroom pit will be dead." Appropriately increase the PH value, will help prevent the contamination of bacteria, increase the rate of pure bacteria, promote the early decomposition of hyphae use of lignin, early fruiting. Ingredient requirements: reasonable ratio, accurate weighing, even mixing, slightly dry and not wet.
6. Bagging: Use special tube bags for edible fungi, requiring uniform thickness, resistance to pull, temperature resistance, and the temperature is at 115°C, no microporous high-quality plastic bags. Cut up to 60-65cm, one end of a small uniform pleats tied with a line, and then use a candle to burn and melt, to achieve absolutely no leakage prevail. Stir the uniform culture material into the bag, loose and proper, not too real or too loose, with the center of the material bag with hand hold, no soft feeling, the material bag does not sag at both ends. When tying, it is necessary to wipe and stick the culture material sticking to the mouth of the bag to prevent the contamination of the bacteria from this area. Packed bags should be handled with care, not placed directly on the land, and covered with sacks, woven bags, etc. to prevent sand grains from breaking through the bags, causing micropores, bacteria infection, and water bags.
7, steam material: add enough water to the steamer, tie a good mouth of the material bag, up and down alignment, in batches to the top of the pot, do not arrange the material bag into a "well" shape. Bring fire before pot, or catch fire with pot. Large cigarette butts, strive to reach 100°C within 4 to 6 hours, and do not drop water after reaching 100°C, do not cool down, consume about 20kg of water per hour, and maintain for 20 hours (or longer) to achieve sterilization effect.
8. Inoculation: The inoculation room and the germination room should be cleaned in the same room. Clean the room 7 to 10 days before use. The old room needs to use lime water to brush the walls. The room is damp and lime to dehumidify. Use the tools 4 days before use. Into the room, sealed doors and windows, to achieve indoor seal leak-free, each room with 0.5 ~ 1kg sulfur ignition fumigation room, seal the door to open when feeding. The inoculation starts when the temperature of the bag drops to 30°C, and the inoculation time is best arranged at night and in the morning. Before the inoculation, the door should be covered with 5 to 10cm thick lime, and the personnel must go through the lime and call the “white ash seal doorâ€. The vaccination personnel should do a good job of personal hygiene, skilled, fast, agile, well-matched four people, one person rubs Pockets are punched, one is spotted, one is glued, and one is handled. Before the inoculation, light the alcohol lamp. All the tools used for inoculation should be flame-sterilized. Use the inoculum block to remove the bacteria and insert the bacteria into the hole quickly. Try not to break the bacteria. Whenever you have finished a bag of strains, you must flame the inoculator through the alcohol lamp to take the next bag. Prevent cross-infection due to bacterial species.
Second, nurture
1, germs: bacteria bag cultivation is a serious, detailed, long time and complicated work, from the inoculation to the bag to reach the physiological maturity of the whole process takes about 60 days, because the mushroom is a constant temperature bacteria, variable temperature mushroom Fungi, the entire germination period requires a basic constant temperature of 242 °C, relative humidity below 70%, dark light, ventilation. Germ germination temperature should be constant at 22 ~ 26 °C (raw material temperature), must not be too high too low. The effective accumulated temperature must reach above 1200°C to produce mushrooms. In the early stage, the mycelial growth and development of 24°C was the best, and the extracellular enzyme secretion was the strongest at 27-28°C in the later period. The ability to decompose lignin and cellulose hemicellulose was the strongest, and accumulated a lot of nutrients, which was beneficial to fruiting.
The mushroom mycelium is sensitive to the characteristics of temperature stimuli. The specific measures and operation methods for inoculating the bacteria bag after inoculation are as follows: 1 to 6 days: Do not turn the bag and do not ventilate it. At this time, the bag temperature is 1~3°C lower than the room temperature, and the room temperature can be controlled at 28 to 30°C, which is suitable for the temperature of the fungus. After spotting, the temperature is measured 3 to 4 times a day, and the doors and windows are shaded, causing darkness in the room until about 50 days. 7 to 10 days: The hyphae had been eaten, began to grow, and the first turn was performed on the seventh day to check the bacteria bag and bacterial infections. It was found that the bacteria were treated in time and the missed species were promptly filled. In the next 7-10 days, it will be piled once. Before the previous two turnovers, it must be handled lightly. After a few turns, the technique can be aggravated and stimulated. It is ventilated 2 or 3 times a day for 30 minutes each time. 11 to 15 days: Mycelium has begun to grow vigorously, mycelium grows, and ventilation is mainly based on heat preservation, and the second turning is performed. 16 to 20 days, a large number of mycelium proliferation, room temperature can be controlled at 22 ~ 24 °C, in order to insulation, proper ventilation. 21 days later, the inoculation of hyphae was successively performed. With the opening of the hole and oxydation, the temperature of the bacterial bag increased by 5 to 10°C higher than the room temperature. The main task after ventilation and the mycelial connection between the cooling point and the outlet was reasonable. The scientific use of turning, ventilation and temperature adjustment to meet the temperature requirements of mycelium development, basically reached a constant temperature, this work has been maintained in the bacterial bag culture for about 60 to 70 days. 50-65 days: The surface layer of the mushroom bag produces bristles, and the secretion of brown pigment increases. After 50 days, the doors and windows are removed to cover the yin, giving light stimulation and promoting the physiological maturity of the bag. Before bag removal, the bag temperature is increased to 27 to 28°C. For 4 days, the mycelium breaks down and accumulates a lot of nutrients to prepare a good mushroom. After the bag culture is mature, when the natural temperature is below 14°C during the ten days, it will not be able to turn color smoothly after the bag is removed, affecting the future fruiting, so it is necessary to turn the bag with the color, and when the entire bag turns to one third, You can take the bag out of mushrooms.
2. Bag-out methods and precautions: 1 Transport the fungus bags to the mushroom shed or special features. 2 Cut the film with a sharp knife. The blade and the tangent part are wiped and wiped with alcohol cotton balls. The incision should not be too deep, and the scratched film should prevail. Do not injure the hyphae. 3 take off the bag in the mushroom shed, such as a special color change venues, to take the side of the bag, side display, side cover film to prevent bacteria bags, fungal film dehydration and drying. 4 take off the best choice for cloudy or sunny morning and evening, windy weather should not carry bags. 5 bacteria bags infected with bacteria, do not take bags, take bags with mushrooms. 6 Sprinkle the special color conversion place or mushroom shed with a sprayer in advance to maintain a relative humidity of 85%.
3, color management: Color conversion is the unique characteristics of mushrooms, is the growth of vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and then to achieve weight maturation of the fruiting body signs and physiological processes. A layer of white villous aerial mycelium grows on the surface of the bacteria bag, and then lays down to form a thin layer of pellicles. At the same time, it begins to secrete pigment, spits out yellow water, and the bag turns from white to pink and brown-purple. Metal luster, known as "artificial bark" pellicles, said that the color, the specific measures of management are: 1 1 to 4 days after bag removal, sealing the film, do not turn the bacteria bag, keep the temperature 18 ~ 22 °C, humidity 85% shading becomes cloudy. 2 On the 5th to the 8th day, the mycelium secretes a layer of yellow to brownish water droplets on the surface of the mycelia. At this time, the membrane is ventilated and the water is sprayed on the bag for two consecutive days. The first day is sprayed with a nebulizer to turn the yellow-red waterdrops. Chongsan, the next day, the pressurized re-spray will wash the net brownish red water droplets, then the mycelia of the bag surface will be dry and sticky when the film is covered, and the color is generally completed in 8 to 12 days. 3 On the 9th to the 15th days, after the end of the color conversion, daily dry and wet difference and temperature difference stimulation, the temperature difference between day and night to 10 °C or more, but to grasp the lowest 8 °C maximum 22 °C for 3 to 4 days, you can have a large number of mushrooms Lei occurs.
4, temperature buds: buds are cold, variable temperature and strong mushrooms, mycelium from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, in the lower temperature, larger temperature difference between day and night, the mycelium growth rate is slow, promote nutrient and The accumulation of moisture into accumulation points, and then form the primordium, the formation of the primordium must create a temperature difference and dry and wet conditions to ensure that the primordium formed and normally develop into mushroom buds. The specific measures are as follows: Pulling the temperature difference between the big mushroom sheds and the low-temperature temperature triggering the buds. When the average temperature is between 8 and 22°C in the end of the tenth day, it is the appropriate temperature for budding buds. However, the temperature difference must be increased to above 10°C, and the difference between dry and wet is 15%. Continuous treatment of yam for 3 to 4 days can form a primordial basis. For the first and second mushroom bags, the water in the bags should be replenished promptly.
Third, the harvest of mushrooms and standard bacteria bags after the color, into the normal mushroom management, until the mushroom cap length to 4 ~ 6cm, no umbrella, the best harvest standard, then the best quality of mushrooms The highest value of goods. When harvesting mushrooms, the roots of shiitake mushrooms must be removed from the bags in order to prevent them from becoming infected.
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