Pepper is an important vegetable in China and plays an important role in ensuring the balanced supply of vegetables for the whole year. From Sanya in Hainan to Hainan in the south, from Shanghai to Harbin in the north, from Shanghai in the east, to Tibet in the west, peppers grow in large areas, and planting peppers has become an important road to wealth in rural China. China has a long history of cultivation of pepper, and has developed a variety of efficient cultivation methods. In order to further improve the economic benefits for farmers in growing peppers, this article describes the cultivation season and intercropping patterns of peppers in different parts of China for reference by farmers and vegetable seed operators.
1 During the cultivation season, due to the different geographical latitudes in China, the pepper cultivation season varies greatly. In southern China and southern Yunnan, peppers can be cultivated all year round, but the most suitable growth periods are summer plants and autumn plants. The spring cultivation was planted in October-November of the previous year. The seedlings were planted 80--90 days in the seedling stage and planted in the 1--2 months in the seedling stage. The planting period in the summer was from late January to early April. 60d, planting period from mid-March to early June, harvesting period from May to September; planting period of autumn planting from July to September, seedling age from 30 to 40 days, planting period from July to October The collection period is 10--January of January. In the summer and autumn, the peppers avoid high temperatures and cold weather and can grow normally under open cultivation conditions, so the yield is high. In the single main cropping areas of northeast, Mongolian and Qinghai-Tibet vegetables, the sowing date of peppers is generally from late February to early March, the planting period is from mid-to-late May, and the harvest period is from July to September; some dry cultivation is used for cultivation purposes. In the area, it can be planted properly so that the top fruit can be ripened at similar times. In the two main cropping areas in North China, the spring and early fall seasons are the two crops for the open cultivation. The spring planting is mostly in Yangshuo and greenhouses, the planting after the final frost, and the summer supply market. The sowing date is in the middle of January and the planting period. From late April to early May, after the fall, the seedlings will be sown in the late April to the end of May, and will be planted after harvesting or after the harvest in the middle of June to early July. The market is available in late October; there are also many places such as Zhangjiakou, Hebei, where a large season of open season cultivation takes place from spring to autumn. The main vegetable crops in the Yangtze River Valley include Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Chongqing. The region is China's largest pepper producing area and pepper consumption area. The cultivation of open fields is generally planted in the 11th to 12th months of the previous year, planted in April, harvested from late May to mid-October, and harvested for up to 6 months. The high temperature in July-August has a certain influence on the growth and development of peppers, but as long as the proper cultivation and management measures are taken, the flowering results can still be normal. In addition, in order to overcome the effects of high-temperature droughts and typhoon rains in southern China in July-September, highland, ground-capped pepper cultivation techniques were developed in the Yangtze River basin and southern China. This is because the temperature dropped by 0.5--100 meters above sea level. In the mountainous area with an elevation of 500--1200m at 0.6°C, the average temperature is 3-6°C lower than that of the plains, and there is a large temperature difference between day and night, and the amount of rainfall is large, which favors the growth and development of peppers. The Yangtse River Basin can be planted in mountainous areas with an elevation of 500-1200m. The most suitable mountain area is 600-800m above sea level, with a long harvest period and high yield. General sowing in late March-early April, planting in late May-early June, harvesting in late July-October. In southern China, the area is 500m below sea level, sown in January-April, and is above 500m above sea level. It is planted before and after March, and it will be listed in July. In this way, the various growth and development stages of peppers are basically under suitable environmental conditions. The peak season of harvesting from July to September coincides with the autumn period of the plain town of pepper, and timely harvesting is very beneficial to regulating urban supply. See Table 1 for the cultivation season of the main pepper producing areas in China.
Table 1 Chinese peppers open cultivation season Location Sowing period Planting period Heilongjiang March Mid-Mid to May Jilin March Early-March Late-May Liaoning January Mid-February late May Mid-Middle Beijing Late-January-April-Five--5 Early January in Shandong, late January
Mid-April, Mid-April, Shanghai, Mid-November, Mid-December, Early April, Mid-April, Late June, Mid-December, December, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April, Mid-April - Mid-May, Changsha, late November - December, mid-April, April, Mid-April, Guangzhou (Summer) Late November - Early February, Mid-March - Early April, Guangdong (Autumn) Early August, Early September Guangxi (Spring Plant) November 2nd - early March Guangxi (Qiuzhi) 6-July 7-August
Guangxi (Winter Plant) Early September - Early October Early October Early - Early November Sichuan 11-December 3 - 4 Month Yunnan Late July - Early August Later August - Early September Early Shaanxi Mid-January - Early February - Late April - Mid-May - Late Xinjiang February - Early March - Late May Hainan September - October 10 - November Gansu February - Late April - - mid-May
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.
Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may be amorphous or even insoluble in water. When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide or homoglycan, but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are called heteropolysaccharides or heteroglycans.
Natural saccharides are generally of simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula (CH2O)n where n is three or more. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehyde. Polysaccharides, meanwhile, have a general formula of Cx(H2O)y where x is usually a large number between 200 and 2500. When the repeating units in the polymer backbone are six-carbon monosaccharides, as is often the case, the general formula simplifies to (C6H10O5)n, where typically 40≤n≤3000.
As a rule of thumb, polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide units, whereas oligosaccharides contain three to ten monosaccharide units; but the precise cutoff varies somewhat according to convention. Polysaccharides are an important class of biological polymers. Their function in living organisms is usually either structure- or storage-related. Starch (a polymer of glucose) is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants, being found in the form of both amylose and the branched amylopectin. In animals, the structurally similar glucose polymer is the more densely branched glycogen, sometimes called "animal starch". Glycogen's properties allow it to be metabolized more quickly, which suits the active lives of moving animals.
Cellulose and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides. Cellulose is used in the cell walls of plants and other organisms, and is said to be the most abundant organic molecule on Earth.It has many uses such as a significant role in the paper and textile industries, and is used as a feedstock for the production of rayon (via the viscose process), cellulose acetate, celluloid, and nitrocellulose. Chitin has a similar structure, but has nitrogen-containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in arthropod exoskeletons and in the cell walls of some fungi. It also has multiple uses, including surgical threads. Polysaccharides also include callose or laminarin, chrysolaminarin, xylan, arabinoxylan, mannan, fucoidan and galactomannan.
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